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The Psychology Behind Headphones

Posted by CmdrTaco on Mon Mar 08, 2004 10:41 AM
from the thinking-about-it-way-to-hard dept.
pvt_medic writes "The BBC has an interesting article today about portable music players and personal space. The article is on the research that Dr Michael Bull has done on portable music players. He analyzes them as a "tool whereby users manage space, time and the boundaries around the self." This article goes on to analyze the social and psychological aspects related to listening to music in public with headphones. A good quick read for those who do this."
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  • by garcia (6573) * on Monday March 08 2004, @10:41AM (#8498448) Homepage
    Some women use earphones to deflect unwanted attention, finding it easier to avoid responding because they look already occupied.

    People in general do this. I work at a technical college and see numerous students with headphones on (I don't believe I have seen earbuds recently). I see absolutely no reason for people to be listening to music while in any sort of educational institution. I would guess that would be the equivalent of someone's body languge -- showing crossed arms during a conversation.

    I think that people are shy enough as it is. We do very little REAL social interaction as it is. Do we really want to become even more anti-social creatures by promoting music as some sort of "shield" from the outside world? Remember, the average person spends about 50% of their daily free time at home watching TV.

    Music is something I like to enjoy with others at concerts and at home. Music is something that should be passed on to others. Nothing like finding a new genre of music you have never heard before because a friend had it playing in the car or in his house.

    Just my worthless ramblings,
    • by elykyllek (543092) * on Monday March 08 2004, @10:47AM (#8498531) Homepage
      Unfortunately a lot of the music other people listen to sucks. I'm glad they wear their headphones, it doesn't shield them, it sheilds me.
      • by Thud457 (234763) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:52AM (#8498602) Homepage Journal
        would be an analysis of how ivory-tower eggheads over-analyze ever goddamned little thing in a futile attempt to make themselves seem relevant and get one paper closer to that all-important tenure.
        • Ha. But it's not just ivory tower eggheads who've noticed this. Check out the following pair of songs on the subject:

          "In my headphones," Axis II by the Paranoid Social Club [pscmusic.com] (also available in a live set on etree.org).

          "Walkman music," Always Will be by J-Live [j-livemusic.com].

          Incidentally, I fit this profile to a T. I won't even go to the local mall without my ipod to assuade my agoraphobia. Listening to a walkman stops solicitors and panhandlers from bothering you as well. Shit, I have a pair of Sennheiser DJ phones that cancel about 32 dB of noise, and I sometimes wear them at work with no sound playing on them at all, just to help keep me concentrated.

          In short, by supressing one of my senses I also supress some of my natural uneasiness in uncertain social situations and that's helped make me more confident overall.
      • by ichimunki (194887) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:56AM (#8498638)
        I don't know about that. Up until last week, when the bus drivers here went on strike, I found I listened to more of "other people's" music as a result of walkman radios being played too loudly on the bus than all other sources of "external" music combined.

        For myself I realized that wearing headphones was not a good idea since the tendency was to drown out external stimuli.

        Anyway... was it just me or did this "article" read more like an ad for iPod than anything else?
    • by WormholeFiend (674934) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:48AM (#8498552)
      I prefer being ignored by someone with headphones on than by someone putting their index fingers in their ears and yelling "I CANT HEAR YOU LALALALALALALAAAA".
    • by imAck (102644) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:50AM (#8498565) Homepage
      On the contrary, I have spent many hours in group settings working on software projects at an educational institution. For one, I just write better code when I have some music to provide a rhythm to code to. For another, it's helpful to have a way to be isolated when working on a very difficult problem, but be able to return to the group setting as easily as taking off my headphones. I _do_ agree that as a culture we have become physically isolationists, but people have been using newspapers on subway commutes since the 1800's as a "shield" in much the same way. This is not a brand new social apparatus; Just a new instantiation of it.

      • by angle_slam (623817) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:06AM (#8498748)
        According to some ADHD experts, the rhythm of the music allows ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) to concentrate better, instead of being distracted by random conversations, etc. I know that I can't work without music on.
        • by Chewie (24912) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:15AM (#8498852)
          Wow, I'm glad to find that it's not just me. I have ADHD (non-medicated), but it's absolutely impossible for me to get any work done without listening to music. Headphones are great at work because even in an open cube, I can find some isolation without bothering people around me.
        • by Bigbutt (65939) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:18AM (#8498884) Homepage Journal
          As someone with ADHD I can agree. I'm surrounded by cube dwellers working on similar problems (network group). I keep a music player running all the time, sometimes low, sometimes louder so I can maintain concentration on what I'm doing.

          I work better if I'm at home dialed in, but I also lose the interactivity that's sometimes necessary.

          I've asked to see if I can telecommute full time. We'll see how that goes.
    • by niko9 (315647) * on Monday March 08 2004, @10:53AM (#8498604)
      Remember, the average person spends about 50% of their daily free time at home watching TV.

      I DON'T WATCH TV!

      I, um, spend my time here... and listening to songs thats have gratuitous amounts of cowbell.
    • one of my own reasons for listening to music while in school is that it helps relax me and open my mind to whatever i'm studying at the time. nothing like bach, vivaldi, or some john williams to help you absorb vector calculus.

      unless of course the students you're talking about are wearing headphones while in class, which is an entirely different matter. music in your own free time is perfectly healthy diversion.
    • by DougMackensie (79440) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:57AM (#8498651)
      And since when is anti-social behavior immediately seen as a negative thing. Is it a bad thing that Henry David Thoreau (walden) worked best when he removed himself from society? Is it a bad thing when Andrew Wiles (fermat solver) would hole himself up in his attic by himself to concentrate on his proof? Is it a bad thing when a CS student wants to put his headphones in the computer lab to block out all the other converstations (sometimes in different languages) around him so that he can concentrate?

      Why can't normally social people find auditory solitude in their headphones without people accusing them of being "shy, sheilding, or anti-social"? Realize that people work differently from yourself, and having the headphones on can make them work better?
        • by moonbender (547943) <moonbenderNO@SPAMgmail.com> on Monday March 08 2004, @11:22AM (#8498924)
          It's true that different people have different appetites for social interaction, but you can never be truly human if you decide to block out everything.

          Of course one could argue that either a) your definition of what is human and what is not is sheer arrogance and simply wrong or b) that it is correct and being human in accordance with your definition is just not something everybody would aspire to.

          For instance, I might say that you can never be truly human unless you understand vector calculus, but my s.o. would either disagree - or shrug and admit to not even wanting to be human if that is what it takes. For another example, I can very well imagine some religious persons claiming that religion is a defining characteristic of our species (history and society tend to agree) and say that you can never be truly human if you decide to block out God. To both of that my reply above stands.

          Not that I necessarily disagree with what you say, but I think it's a fairly subjective point, and a fairly weak one in a discussion. Cheers, anyway. ;)
    • by TwistedGreen (80055) <twistedgreen&gmail,com> on Monday March 08 2004, @11:06AM (#8498750)
      I think that people are shy enough as it is. We do very little REAL social interaction as it is.

      Well thanks for you opinion regarding the behaviour of the people around you. But please note that it is none of your business to be telling people that they don't act like you envision. Are you going to force them into uncomfortable situations in order to get them to conform to some social aesthetic? Are you going to go on saying that people should act more like you because they couldn't possibly be happy otherwise?

      Worthless ramblings indeed.
    • by SmackCrackandPot (641205) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:14AM (#8498845)
      I see absolutely no reason for people to be listening to music while in any sort of educational institution.

      As I work in large research lab/room in a education institution, I can explain this. Perhaps it's the way that some people are wired, but may of us seem to use the audio buffers in our brains to store temporary information about the tasks we're doing. If there are any sudden loud noises, then we lose track of whatever we're doing, and have to start over again. Such noises include slamming door, someone racking their printouts from the laser printer to get the sides lined up (that seems to get to everyone), slamming shut the papers trays of the laser printer, rummaging through filing cabinets (opening and slamming doors). The only way to shield yourself from this continuous barrage of random "audio spam" is to wear a set of headphones and play something calming. (My favourite is Peter Gabriel's "Steam" or USURA's "Open Your Mind" for 3D animation work).

      Maybe I'm slightly autistic or something, but I've always found myself distracted by such information. Playing football on a playing field, and I'd find the wind turbulence patterns and the shadows of the clouds moving across the grass more interesting than the battle going on between two lumbering jocks at the centre of the field.
    • by yulek (202118) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:30AM (#8499025) Homepage Journal
      I work at a technical college and see numerous students with headphones on (I don't believe I have seen earbuds recently). I see absolutely no reason for people to be listening to music while in any sort of educational institution.

      How fascist of you.

      All of those who have worn headphones at the office without actually listening to anything raise your hand! [/me raises hand].

      It's a great way to get people to leave you alone when you're busy trying to concentrate; something that's very important in the modern office which often lacks even cubicles.

      Subconsciously or not, I sometimes put my headphones on, fully meaning to hit play on the playlist of the day but something takes my attention away and three hours later I'm still coding with winamp in stopped mode. But nevertheless, those were 3 uninterrupted hours.
  • by The I Shing (700142) * on Monday March 08 2004, @10:43AM (#8498475) Journal
    Dr. Michael Bull was written up in Wired magazine, too, and Slashdot carried that story last month. Here it is. [wired.com]
  • Half a dupe. (Score:4, Interesting)

    by sammy baby (14909) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:43AM (#8498480) Journal
    Wired ran an article on this guy a couple of weeks ago [wired.com]. So, if you wondering why this sounds familiar [slashdot.org], now you know.
  • by el-spectre (668104) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:44AM (#8498484) Journal
    Some of us have to use headphones, as our music of choice violates obsenity laws and may damage small buildings...
  • by stevens (84346) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:45AM (#8498496) Homepage
    ...because the programmer over the cube wall was constantly humming songs to herself. There's nothing more maddening than listening to someone hum while you're trying to code. Headphones were mandatory.

    I dropped the headphones when I got an office. What a blessing.
  • So true. (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Shoten (260439) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:45AM (#8498500)
    I carry an MD player with me anywhere; I use it not just for music that suits my mood or for entertainment (life is more fun with its own soundtrack, don't you think?) but also to basically provide an excuse to ignore people (panhandlers, sidewalk vendors, ex-girlfriends...just kidding about the sidewalk vendors) that I don't want to interact with. But I never realized before that when I see someone else with headphones on, I've got this subconscious awareness of a kind of bubble around them which filters out certain kinds of interaction. I'd never think of asking a question or making small talk.
    • Re:So true. (Score:5, Insightful)

      I'd never think of asking a question or making small talk.

      Well, I agree that you are entitled to your own privacy and to not be disturbed at times, but you see people carrying these mp3 players everywhere. Whenever I go on the subway, every fourth person on the train is listening to music on their headphones.

      It comes to the point where people put on headphones wherever they go (as you said).

      Quoth the article, "listening to music acts as a shield, aura or cocoon."

      Let me make an analogy of an analogy. Perhaps, as technologically oriented individuals, we can consider this as being a firewall, or perhaps a blanket spam filter. The problem is, it filters everything out. It's like making a habit of putting a DND sign at your office or dorm entrance - it prevents you from interacting, having wonderful experiences.

      As I said in another post, life is worth living because it is dynamic and unpredictable. You will never know what you are missing if you choose to block out the world on a consistent basis. Maybe I am sitting on that subway train next to you, maybe we have some common interests. Maybe I have some interest tidbit of news, or a perspective on life or some other issue. But know what? That's too bad, because you'll never get to hear it, since I won't think to disturb you from listening to your music.

      Here's some advice: you're entitled to listen to your music, but once in a while get a little adventurous and take them off.
  • by bloggins02 (468782) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:45AM (#8498503)
    He analyzes them as a "tool whereby users manage space, time and the boundaries around the self."

    Or could it be that they just want to listen to music?

    Nah....
  • by psycht (233176) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:45AM (#8498509) Homepage Journal
    I wish I had more opportunity to do this at work. Being able to separate yourself and focus on your work without being distracted it a heaven-sent.

    Alas, I'm on a helpdesk. That doesn't work out too well.
    • Re:in the workspace (Score:4, Interesting)

      by rishistar (662278) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:51AM (#8498583) Homepage
      Well I do wear headphones at work regularly (even if there is no music playing) - it is psycological as it helps focussing on the matter in hand even if there aren't people discussing things in the room (though usually they are). A modern day thinking cap perhaps?
  • Is This Science??? (Score:4, Insightful)

    by moehoward (668736) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:45AM (#8498511)
    I don't see any empirical results. Have any experiments that he's done been reproduced? What are his methodologies.

    Sounds like junk-science to me. The guy has a hypothesis. That's about it.

    Here's my hypothesis: "Music sounds good. Noise sounds bad." Can someone write up an article on my thoughts? TIA.
  • by DrSkwid (118965) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:47AM (#8498534) Homepage Journal

    The University of Stating the Bleedin' Obvious ?

  • by DakotaK (727197) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:48AM (#8498550)
    Because it keeps me amused in study hall. ;)
    Seriously, though...this shows how much we've advanced. 100 years ago, you had to go out of your way to learn an insturment (such as a fiddle) to have music at all. Now, people have an mp3 player filled with any music they want on a whim. People can be listening to their own sort of "theme song" when they're in a certain mood. If you're bored and can't just go away (like my study hall plight), you can just flip on a song that reminds you of something that's happened or you want to happen, and slip away. It's a nice thing to be able to do.
  • by scumbucket (680352) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:49AM (#8498560)
    and so are personal stereos, where I work. Something about 'not being conductive to the work environment'. The problem is that there is so much racket from people around me talking on the phone, chatting, etc. that you NEED headphones (or something to block out the noise) sometimes to concentrate on the task at hand.


  • The whole reason humanity left africa and then spread out across the entire planet, is because most people would prefer to be left alone. We all want, for the most part, our own 100 acre plots of land.
  • a "tool whereby users manage space, time and the boundaries around the self."

    I thought that was what my Tardis was for.

  • by Lord Graga (696091) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:51AM (#8498581)
    I got tinitus (constant ringing for my ears) from too much heavy metal with headphones. So, be warned, it's not really worth it when you are home (I'm talking about people who use headphones in front of the computer).
    • by The I Shing (700142) * on Monday March 08 2004, @10:59AM (#8498676) Journal
      I concur with the above reply. Please, please, if you are a young person who likes loud music, I beg you to be careful with your ears, and not make the mistakes that so many of my generation made. Maybe you think that you'll never, ever be in your thirties or forties and wishing that the ringing in your ears would go away and that you could hear again, but if you're blasting music into your ears, you will be. Doesn't matter if it's through headphones or that crazy car stereo that goes thump thump thump and scares people, the damage you do to your ears is permanent, and spending the second half of your adult life having to ask everyone to speak up and repeat themselves because of hearing loss suck-diddly-ucks.

      Please believe me, kids, you will be thirty years old one day, and how well you are able to hear at that time depends very much on how well you treat your delicate, sensitive ears today.
    • by junkymailbox (731309) * on Monday March 08 2004, @11:12AM (#8498824)
      That's why I use professional earphones that are isolated. Some rate at -20 to -30db. http://www.shure.com. I can hear my own heartbeat when i put these on and I cant hear anything else. Instead of turning the music up and damaging my ear I can block everyone out and enjoy music at lower decibels.
        • by junkymailbox (731309) * on Monday March 08 2004, @11:18AM (#8498887)
          You can try sony ex 51 or sony ex 71. (Sony MDREX71SL) The 71s are with softer / more comfortable seal but essentially the same. Head Fi [head-fi.org] or Ipod Lounge [ipodlounge.com] for more info. You can buy them at some apple stores or amazon.com or buy.com
        • by Radius9 (588130) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:27AM (#8498972)
          I DJ as well as tend to work in noisy cubicle environments during the day, and I swear by the Sony MDR-7506 and MDR-7509 headphones. The MDR-7506 is a bit cheaper price-wise and more compact than the 7509s, but both do an excellent job of blocking out noise as well as having excellent audio quality. You won't find these headphones at a regular Best Buy, etc., I always have to go to Guitar Center to buy them, and even then they are stored in back and aren't usually out on display. They'll run you about $100 for a pair of 7506s, a bit more for the 7509s.
  • by needacoolnickname (716083) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:51AM (#8498586)

    on the street is when I have my headphones on. They don't care. I can be in a crowd of people and they still come to me - they guy with the headphones on to ask directions, for a cigarette, for money.

    Don't these people know headphones mean Leave me alone!?

  • by Anonymous Coward on Monday March 08 2004, @10:55AM (#8498624)
    Maybe we need a wearable version of those hotel 'do not disturb' signs. It would fit around your neck and display your request that you be left alone on your chest for all to see. It would also be reversible so you can let everyone know when you want your bed linens changed.
  • by easter1916 (452058) on Monday March 08 2004, @10:58AM (#8498660) Homepage
    I read about this research last week and found it interesting -- so I emailed the good doctor and offered to participate. It took about 45 minutes to complete the survey that he sent, and the questions posed were, IMHO, very insightful. It made me realize just how much this simple device, the iPod, has changed how I listen to music and how I interact with the general public.
  • the fabric (Score:5, Funny)

    by sstory (538486) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:03AM (#8498710) Homepage
    I didn't know iPods could manage Space-Time. I guess that deserves the higher price.
  • by GreenEggsAndHam (317974) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:08AM (#8498775)
    I had this argument only this morning with a colleague. He shouts across the office to another colleague and has ongoing conversations with the other chap at the top of his voice.

    When I asked him if he could have that conversation over IM he told me to stick my fingers in my ears or to listen to music.

    The problem is that I refuse to listen to music *because* that inconsiderate prick has the manners of a five year old.

    I listen to music when I know I'll be able to appreciate it fully, not as a means of protection. In the best of cases, I'm unable to concentrate on work when I have music playing : I love my tunes so much that I generally need to be able to dive into them fully. Impossible to concentrate on work when I have some lush tunes in my ears.

    I guess it's really just my problem seeing how all the other people here at work are OK with wearing earphones all day in order to keep the twit's shrill nasal voice our of their heads.

    Bummer.
  • by Ayandia (630042) on Monday March 08 2004, @12:37PM (#8499800)
    I absolutely refuse to walk to my office without headphones. Every morning I walk north from Penn Station NY down 8th ave. I only have a few blocks to go, but it's like a gauntlet of questionable social interactions. People furiously wave papers for barbershops and other crap in your way, "Change? Change?", and the nasty people who spend all day hanging around hitting on anything in heels.

    Add sunglass and headphones and the world is my music video. Not to mention I'm preserving my desire to have children some day by wearing headphones on the train.

    Then I spend all day listening to internet radio so I can focus on my work and not hear the loud office gossip over from the next area. We have an open office design where teams share a large square space, all facing outward to a shared desk. Good for teamwork, bad for concentration.

    I would get nothing done without headphones...and that only on the days I could bear to come to work.
  • by Ohreally_factor (593551) on Monday March 08 2004, @02:04PM (#8500875) Journal
    A very interesting study that dovetails with some thoughts I've had on the subject.

    I've seen similar "control of personal space" with cell phones (and not suprisingly here in Los Angeles) automobiles.

    All three offer a way to insulate yourself from your immediate surroundings, albeit in slightly different ways.

    A simple example of this is driving a car thru a neighborhood, rather than driving in a neighborhood. The car is an environment unto itself that allows one to pass through another physical space with a minimum of interaction.

    As an experiment, I've stopped driving my car in favor of public transportation. Granted, I listen to an iPod, as do many of my fellow riders, but even in this case, I am much less insulated. This is also the case when I walk to and from bus stops and rail stations.

    I am actually preferring this mode of transport, and have a renewed love of my city. This probably has much to do with the fact that I am experiencing it differently, interacting with my fellow Angelenos more (despite my iPod), and actually being in my environment, rather than being in my car. Previously, much of my Los Angeles experience was that of being stuck on the freeway, "interacting" with other cars (and sometimes their drivers), most of which were either going too slow or too fast. There are no roses on the freeway.

    I haven't owned a cell phone in several years, but I notice a similar phenomena. While one is talking on the phone, a large part of one's attention is placed on the person on the other end of the conversation. There is an overlap between one's presence in the real world and a sort of virtual telephone world. This is most noticeable with people using ear sets, and positively dangerous with people driving cars (especially SUVs, but that's another topic!).

    I once watched what I thought was a crazy person walking down the street, ranting and raving about hockey of all things. It was a bit puzzling, since he seemed to be dressed to nicely to be a crazy street person. When he came close enough, I saw that he was talking on a hands-free phone, and was totally oblivious of his surroundings. Other than the fact that he was on the phone, his behavior was completely that of a mentally deranged person hearing voices.

    Something of further interest that I haven't spent much time reflecting on is the passive aggressive nature of behavior I've observed in those that use these insulating technologies; especially obnoxious/oblivious drivers, loud cell phone talkers, and the now thankfully less common boom box wielders.
    • Re:original walkman (Score:5, Informative)

      by CrazyTalk (662055) on Monday March 08 2004, @11:24AM (#8498938)
      I remember when the walkman first came out (yes, I'm that old) around 1980 or so. The big thrill at the time was not that you could be shielded from outside sound, it was quite the opposite - unliked the big bulky headphones of the day, you could actually hear the outside world/carry on a conversation with someone AND listen to music at the same time. That and, of course, portability were some of the selling points for the "early adopters".