Stories
Slash Boxes
Comments

News for nerds, stuff that matters

Slashdot Log In

Log In

Create Account  |  Retrieve Password

Father of MPEG Replies To Jobs On DRM

Posted by kdawson on Sat Feb 10, 2007 01:00 PM
from the way-forward dept.
marco_marcelli writes with a link to the founder and chairman of MPEG, Leonardo Chiariglione, replying to Steve Jobs on DRM and TPM. After laying the groundwork by distinguishing DRM from digital rights protection, Chiariglione suggests we look to GSM as a model of how a fully open and standardized DRM stack enabled rapid worldwide adoption. He gently reminds Jobs (and us) that there exists a reference implementation of such a DRM stack — Chillout — that would be suitable for use in the music business.
+ -
story
This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.
The Fine Print: The following comments are owned by whoever posted them. We are not responsible for them in any way.
 Full
 Abbreviated
 Hidden
More
Loading... please wait.
  • Completely Moot (Score:3, Interesting)

    by Anonymous Coward on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:05PM (#17963970)
    It has already been established that DRM is bad. It doesn't work and it hurts everybody.

    So frankly, who cares about this small part of Jobs' argument?

    His main point -- that there shouldn't be DRM -- is correct.
    • Re:Completely Moot (Score:4, Interesting)

      by truthsearch (249536) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:16PM (#17964064) Homepage Journal
      Another big influence in the market thinks differently. According to Microsoft [forbes.com]: "Our view is it's our job to provide the technology and the content providers can tell us what kind of restrictions and policies they want to apply to that."

      So Microsoft could choose to go a more flexible route with DRM. That might change the market. But I think we all know that's not going to happen.
      • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Insightful)

        by Mateo_LeFou (859634) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:38PM (#17964240) Homepage
        "Our view is it's our job to provide the technology and the content providers can tell us what kind of restrictions and policies they want to apply to that."

        That's an interesting opinion to have. If party X is in charge of dictating the restrictions and policies in your product, isn't party X your real customer?
        • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Insightful)

          by MindStalker (22827) <.jlarsen. .at. .fsu.edu.> on Saturday February 10 2007, @02:00PM (#17964386) Journal
          But the thing is, if Microsoft says, We are going to implement Y system which has XZ restrcition capabilities. The content owners only have XZ as options. But MS choose to have as many restriction capabilities as possible.
            • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

              by ShieldW0lf (601553)
              DRM already is in the users hands as is.

              The IT guy publishing media on that windows server is a user too.

              It goes both ways.

              No, it's not "1984" yet. But the technology is now in place... for the first time in our history, there's no practical reason why it can't be tomorrow.

              This is push-button book-burning technology, plain and simple, and it's being rammed down our throats.

              Those who developed it should be executed.
      • by Nicolas MONNET (4727) <nico@alti[ ]fr ['va.' in gap]> on Saturday February 10 2007, @02:14PM (#17964476) Homepage Journal
        What should we believe? Microsoft's claims -- that they favor and aim to provide an open platform --, or our lieing eyes, which are currently witnessing a thing called "Zune" which is the exact opposite of open.
      • "Our view is it's our job to provide the technology and the content providers can tell us what kind of restrictions and policies they want to apply to that."

        "Our view is it's our job to provide the weapons and the warlords can tell us what kind of restrictions and policies they want to apply to that." Where's the difference?

        • Re: (Score:3, Funny)

          by JazzLad (935151)
          Well, shoot, when you put it like that MS/other DRM creators seem in the right ...
      • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Insightful)

        by node 3 (115640) on Saturday February 10 2007, @03:22PM (#17964996)

        So Microsoft could choose to go a more flexible route with DRM. That might change the market. But I think we all know that's not going to happen.
        When I buy a song from iTunes, I know *exactly* the rights and restrictions applied. Everything in my iTunes library has exactly one of two restrictions: the FairPlay DRM set and none.

        With Windows Media Player, I have no fracking clue. Will this track self-destruct in 3 plays? Will this track play indefinitely? Can that track only be used while my subscription is active? Can this one be burnt to a CD?

        MS's approach to DRM is the same as their approach to Windows PC technology and is the exact reason their ecosystem, while vast in scope, is also vastly inferior. It's precisely this issue that has led MS to go with the more vertical approach with the Xbox and Zune. It's interesting to note that these two markets where MS is the underdog, where they must woo the consumer with a superior experience if they are to have any hope of success, they take the more controlled, limited approach (the type of approach, in fact, that they deride Apple for taking with their PC hardware and their iPod).
        • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

          When I buy a song from iTunes, I know *exactly* the rights and restrictions applied. Everything in my iTunes library has exactly one of two restrictions: the FairPlay DRM set and none.

          Actually, this isn't completely true. A year or two ago (possibly more) Apple changed the number of computers you could authorize at one time and the number of burns you could make of a given group of songs. Since they can't legally [IANAL] change the rights of music you have already purchased, you may have Fairplay music

    • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Insightful)

      by Mateo_LeFou (859634) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:20PM (#17964108) Homepage
      He's right that redefinitions of digital "rights" "management" to suit the speaker is pernicious, but in my opinion it's because the people trying to implement the stuff are almost always being deceptive.

      If "management" *could mean (as TFA suggests) just attaching stuff to your work that indicates what you think your rights are, I'm all for it I guess. Attach it, be honest, and I'll avoid most of your crap like the plague.

      But what many technologies do is actually digital rights *enforcement (i.e. of what your rights are) on people who might not share that opinion; in a great many instances, the federal government agrees with the *recipient about what is allowable.
    • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

      It has already been established that DRM is bad. It doesn't work and it hurts everybody.

      Also, Chillout isn't the only open-source DRM project, Sun has (had?) their DReaM [wikipedia.org] initiative. But none of these attempts seem to be gaining any traction. The only widespread DRM scheme is Apple's, and Jobs himself says they would rather not be using it at all. The media companies should listen to him and finish the entire embarrassing affair.
    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      by kosmosik (654958)
      > It has already been established that DRM is bad.

      It is somekind misleading for me. DRM itself is not bad per se - it is only a product, a technology. Same as with knifes - knifes are not bad. It is bad to kill somebody with knife but not bad to prepare delicious meal using knife.

      So using DRM to take their rights from users is bad. Not DRM per se. DRM as a way to control information is neutral. It would me nice to have The Good DRM in your use. F.e. in organisations that proces confidential data - to con
      • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Interesting)

        by Zeinfeld (263942) on Saturday February 10 2007, @02:01PM (#17964388) Homepage
        The way to express it to the suits is "DRM hurts your sales." I think that was the real thrust of Jobs's argument, that music companies could stand to expand their market presence immeasurably if only they promoted interoperability and ease of use--and that's just impossible as long as they insist on DRM.

        Jobs and Gates are essentially doing the same thing here. They both understand that DRM is pretty bogus, they are both supporting it since that is the only way to bring the content providers onboard at the moment.

        Having attended one of Leonardo's SDMI meetings I would not trust him as far as I could spit. He was the architect of the SDMI fiasco. I have no confidence in either his technical or his political skills.

        Incidentally the title father of MPEG is somewhat overblown.

        • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Informative)

          by dch24 (904899) on Saturday February 10 2007, @04:49PM (#17965882) Journal
          In case you wonder what SDMI was (this was me), and how it relates to Mr. Chiariglione today, hopefully this will save you a little time.

          The End of SDMI [archive.org]

          The reason why the article says SDMI is "ending" is because SDMI was a "solution" to the MP3 problem of the late '90's. When Eric Scheirer wrote the article for MP3.com, he had this to say:

          "The solution is to get the technology companies into bed with the record industry. But the consumer-electronics industry knows a hard lesson that the RIAA has yet to learn: regardless of the business model, it has to start with value to the consumer. What it all adds up to is this: the floodgates are opening. Portable devices will be huge for Christmas this year [Article published Oct 15 1999]; they will all play MP3, and none of them will be SDMI-compliant in any way that matters."

          So if SDMI (Mr. Chiariglione 's baby) was truly failing in October of 1999, and MP3 was going to be the wave of the future, the core problem was DRM.

          But Mr. Chiariglione had a rebuttal for that article (also on mp3.com), just like he has a rebuttal for Jobs today.

          SDMI Checks In [archive.org]

          Moreover, in contrast to your report on October 15, SDMI is not merely some theoretical possibility. I am sure you have seen the same announcements I have-advertisements and other public statements that announce the intention of some leading manufacturing companies to produce portable devices complying with the SDMI specification.

          Mr. Chiariglione is convinced that SDMI will be a success.

          Finally, read the Wikipedia article on SDMI for the rest of the story:

          Scheirer's comments proved to be correct; the SDMI has been inactive since May 18, 2001.
        • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Insightful)

          by killjoe (766577) on Saturday February 10 2007, @04:52PM (#17965904)
          Gates and Jobs are not essentially doing the same thing. One is telling the music companies to drop DRM the other is saying "whatever you want we will give it to you". I think most people can tell the difference between those two positions.
      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        by iamacat (583406)
        To be successful in anything, one needs to know when what you believe in is going to be practical or not. Different permissions on music bought from the same store are going to be confusing for both consumers and music labels. A user will not be happy if he brings a CD full of AACs to his friends place and only 1/3rd of them play. Let him burn a plain CD instead and be able to play everything. Big labels will complain that Apple is promoting other people's songs as superior to theirs and withdraw, or demand
        • Re:Completely Moot (Score:5, Interesting)

          by arose (644256) on Saturday February 10 2007, @03:05PM (#17964854)

          Different permissions on music bought from the same store are going to be confusing for both consumers and music labels.
          You certainly don't want to confuse customers with all that freedom, why, they might start asking why they can't do all the nice things with all tracks they buy. And we wouldn't want them to learn about the evils of DRM, no sir, they should just think thats the way the world now works.
          • Re:Completely Moot (Score:4, Interesting)

            by shmlco (594907) on Saturday February 10 2007, @04:21PM (#17965598) Homepage
            "If Jobs realized that it couldn't be successful without DRM and he really believed DRM was bad, he would have decided against opening the store in the first place.

            Or he could, you know, like, open the store and let the MARKET decide how they felt about it.

            Being "consistent" would have removed OUR choice in the matter. It's one thing to get on your high horse and make a decision. It's quite another to do so and assume that what you're doing is right for everyone else. For example, I've no doubt that a pro-life individual would be happy to stand up and make your decsion for you in that matter, but that ignores you right to choose for yourself.

            Further, consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds. Steve could well have accepted the idea that DRM is a neccessary evil and now, after years of actually running the business that's the iTMS and seeing the results, decided that it's no longer needed.

            I "expect" people to be able to look at the world and have the wisdom and courage to change their minds if needed.
      • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

        by Tony Hoyle (11698)
        Here in the U.K. it's still illegal (as far as I'm aware) to format shift.

        Yes it is. For example it's technically illegal to use a video recorder or Tivo or to rip a CD that you own into itunes (the apple 'rip, mix, burn' advertising was in fact an incitement to break the law - a crime in itself).

        However a law has to be backed up by enforcement to by effective. Nobody has ever tried to jail someone for recording Eastenders for example.. and they would look pretty damned stupid if they did. It's unlikely
          • Re:Completely Moot (Score:4, Insightful)

            by VertigoAce (257771) on Saturday February 10 2007, @03:52PM (#17965312)
            If they're targetting Apple, you can look forward to a version of iTunes that doesn't work with iTMS and an iPod that is incapable of playing any DRM-protected songs. Apple does not have the right to remove DRM from the songs it sells. The real target should be the companies that license the songs, since they are the only ones that can control the terms of distribution for their content.
          • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

            by dlim (928138)
            So Norway is calling for Apple to abandon DRM? I thought they were just asking for interoperability.
  • by LM741N (258038) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:18PM (#17964086)
    Despite disliking DRM, GSM is the most sophisticated communications protocol that I have ever seen. I have read the standard (dispite getting a headache in 5 minutes) and it is totally locked down using encryption, session keys, etc. Perhaps I am in error, but I doubt the standard itself has ever been cracked- unless via law enforcement with the complicity of the companies involved.

    Yet it is the most widely used wireless personal communication standard in the world. Woe are the hackers and crackers who try to attact it directly. But like any encrypted system, the weak points usually lie elsewhere. Those would be the point of attack.
  • by rs232 (849320) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:29PM (#17964164)
    "he uses the term DRM without defining it"

    If I was on Usenet I would assume the OP was doing the meaning of the word shuffle. Pretending to misunderstand what the other fella meant and addressing a made up meaning instead.

    "while it makes sense to claim, based on empirical evidence, that protected music does not sell, it remains to be demonstrated that managed music does not"

    What's the difference between 'managed' and 'protected' in relation to Jobs meaning of DRM and your version of DRM.

    'That would be like saying that the Creative Commons movement is a hollow shell'

    False analogy and strawman .. :)

    "Curiously Steve Jobs restricts his analysis to just one option: how can Apple safely license its DRM technology to other manufacturers and be able to keep its obligations vis-à vis the record companies"

    Well he can only speak for Apple after all.
  • They are scared. (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Anonymous Coward on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:36PM (#17964224)
    The content industry wants one universal DRM. Everyone thought that would be MS and they were happy. When Apple won the battle, they were not happy. What you are seeing by calls for Apple to license their DRM is this frustration made public and an attempt to allow MS to embrace, extend and extinguish Fairplay. Jobs called their bluff and they realize they just may well be fucked on this. Interesting times.
  • by JAFSlashdotter (791771) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:42PM (#17964272)
    Mr. Chiariglione suggests GSM as a model of an open standard that everyone has been using for years to perform sophisticated DRM. I don't know much about GSM, but when I enter into a service agreement with a communications provider, I am doing so for live communications. Perhaps the market is morphing to providing content on mobile phones, but the success of GSM was not built on that model. I pay my mobile phone service provider monthly for access to their network, and if my phone was to stop working because my provider locked me out of their network, I would stop paying them. The agreement would be at an end, and there wouldn't be any content locked in the DRM that I want. I'm not paying them for the right to use their network in perpetuity. On the other hand, I purchase CDs and DVDs so that I may enjoy the content FOREVER. I do not pay them monthly to keep listening to the music or watching the movies, and I am not willing to enter into that sort of agreement. DRM on my music or video content is locking ME away from the content I have legally licensed, especially if the vendors disappear. So while the DRM in GSM might be acceptable, it is not acceptable on the content I purchase.
  • by jhealy (91456) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:46PM (#17964306)
    People... PLEASE unabbreviate your abbreviations at first mention in an article. To those that don't know what TPM or GSM are (isn't GSM for cell phones?), this article appears completely ridiculous. I thought it was a joke at first.
    • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

      by Emetophobe (878584)
      You forgot to mention MPEG, which is also an abbrivation, but apparently you don't mind that one.
      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        The reason the author brings up GSM is because it has some similarities with iPod DRM: Devices have a key, the key authenticates the device to the network, and there is encryption support for content. However, there are lots of major differences:

        1. with GSM, your "key" is in your SIM, which means you can take it with you from device to device.
        2. Wtih GSM, you only need the key to access a particular network. To switch networks, you throw away the old key and buy a new key. Now that the US (and soon Can
  • by arose (644256) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:50PM (#17964330)
    The author simply uses "digital content protection" where we would use DRM, and DRM as an all encompasing term for encryption, digital signatures, computer readable copyright licenses and probably a bunch of other things he didn't directly meantion. From this he concludes that DRM is both widely used and accepted. Now whether he is trying to convince poeple that the fight is allready lost and we should work on interoperable lockdowns or is just confused himself I don't know.
  • OMA DRM (Score:5, Informative)

    by kevinbr (689680) on Saturday February 10 2007, @02:01PM (#17964390)
    Is a bag of shit. Most phones only implement OMA DRM 1.0 - forward lock. OMA DRM 2 - I doubt it will catch on. How many phones have implemented it and how many content providers are using it?
  • by Anonymous Coward on Saturday February 10 2007, @02:11PM (#17964458)
    If music were priced at its real cost plus the same small profit that all other manufacturing enjoys, it would cost $1.00 an album. After all, production costs have already been recouped for 99.9% of popular music, hundreds of times over for anything in the top 40.

    And with such low pricing, people wouldn't even think twice about buying every new album that comes out in their genre. Youngsters have no money anyway, so asking them to cough up inflated prices is just completely ridiculous, and counterproductive since kids create much of the music buzz. They'll eventually purchase all the CDs that they really appreciate once they've grown up anyway --- just have patience!

    You wouldn't need DRM not only because very low cost would make non-market acquisition pointless, but also because everybody would have all the music they want --- there would be nothing left to copy, in one's area of interest!

    [The argument that pricing music logically would make new music cost hundreds of dollars per album is bollocks: like in all industries, development of a new product should be funded from past profits, and amortized across projected future sales. Music should be no exception, and the fact that currently the income from sales of age-old music is pure untouched profit and not reinvested to fund new production just shows the extent to which greed has distorted the music industry.]

    DRM is only an issue today because of the artificial scarcity created by artifically high pricing --- greed.
  • by eebra82 (907996) on Saturday February 10 2007, @02:49PM (#17964746) Homepage
    Did anyone read the open letter to Steve Jobs over at the Inquirer?

    http://www.theinquirer.net/default.aspx?article=37 522 [theinquirer.net]
    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      Many of us bought their first iPod long before iTMS came out let alone available the the country we live in. Canada did not get iTMS until December of 2004. I had bought a 2nd generation iPod in 2002. How did I manage to get music? I bought CD's and tried out eMusic for a bit.

      I see that TPM has been mentioned. While my MBP has a TPM module, there are no drivers for it and the updated MBPs do not come with TPM.

      Consider this, DRM costs Apple money to implement and update whenever someone cracks it. They a

  • Interesting Times (Score:3, Informative)

    by dr.badass (25287) on Saturday February 10 2007, @03:11PM (#17964880) Homepage
    It's a little bit strange that when the head of a company with the most successful DRM platform says "No DRM is better than interoperable DRM", people seem to be getting more supportive of interoperable DRM.

    It's also a little bit strange that "the father of MPEG" is how Leonardo Chiariglione is described, rather than the more relevant "father of SDMI".
  • by dpbsmith (263124) on Saturday February 10 2007, @05:46PM (#17966508) Homepage
    L. Chiariglione got my back up immediately when he defined DRM as "a means to manage rights with digital technologies." Well, no.

    The most obnoxious thing about so-called DRM is that it allows content owners to manage any arbitrary restrictions. There is absolutely nothing about DRM to ensure that those restrictions are, in any way, aligned with rights the manager actually holds, and in practice DRM users invariably overreach.

    A famous example was Adobe releasing an eBook version of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," which is well and truly in the public domain, with restrictions prohibiting its use with text-to-speech converters... and compounding the error by presenting this with unfortunate wording, which said, not that they were preventing the electronic conversion to speech, but that the user could not "read it aloud."

    Adobe has insisted that it was all a mistake, as it may well have been, but nevertheless DRM allowed them to exercise "rights" they did not possess.

    Now, since nothing about intellectual property is obvious, and most likely not even a lawyer knows what the law is until there is a court case, there probably is no way at all to implement a technology that actually manages "rights." In practice, DRM manages whatever the content vendor believes or wishes its rights were, not what those right may actually be.

    In practice, content rights owners opinions of the extent of their own rights are, at the very least, expansive and optimistic. The RIAA believes, for example, that when I copied my collection of vinyl LP's to CD-Rs, and the moment when I threw away the LPs I lost my right to listen to those CR-R's. Without DRM, such beliefs are no more than a curiosity. With DRM, the content owner becomes judge and jury, and the DRM techology becomes the executioner.
  • by argent (18001) <peterNO@SPAMslashdot.2006.taronga.com> on Saturday February 10 2007, @06:04PM (#17966694) Homepage Journal
    Look, I used to refer to myself as a "hacker". By that, I meant that I was really good at programming. That's what most people who used the word meant. Then people started talking about guys who broke into computers as "hackers" and pretty soon I had to give up using the word the way I was used to.

    What Steve was talking about was content protection technologies - restricting the ability of the user through technical means. That's what people mean when they say DRM. Anything you have to say about Steve's letter that doesn't have
    to do with that face of DRM is, well, it's got nothing to do with Steve's letter.

    Yep, a DRM system that didn't restrict a user's abilities wouldn't get any pushback, Steve wouldn't be writing about it like this, it'd be great, but it also wouldn't exist. The only reason to statically encrypt a published document, song, or movie is to restrict the abilities of the person who buys it. Without region coding, there would be no CSS. Without the restrictions in iTunes music, there would be no Fairplay.

    GSM is a red herring. GSM is a communications mechanism. It's not using a broadcast model, the call is point-to-point. Using encryption for authentication and privacy has nothing to do with anything the music industry wants out of DRM. Take out the restrictons on the end user, and there's no point to it.
    • by limecat4eva (1055464) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:13PM (#17964050)
      Yeah, what's with all the opposing viewpoints lately? We come to Slashdot to turn off our brains, not to actually think.
      • by Loadmaster (720754) on Saturday February 10 2007, @01:43PM (#17964278) Homepage
        Exactly right. If you have a view you better have no doubt, because once you doubt you could be wrong. Which makes your stance untenable. It's like back when God existed. He doubted the logic of his existence and *poof* he disappeared. Do you want to disappear? Then never doubt what you think. Ever.

        42

        Swi
      • by Maxo-Texas (864189) on Saturday February 10 2007, @02:47PM (#17964734)
        Based on many past threads and discussions- you are making a bit of an overstatement.

        Lots of people here are anti-drm / information wants to be free. In varies from the college student being as ethical as they can afford to be (buy a few CD's and then pirate the rest when they run out of money) to the folks who have absolutely no respect for copyright to people like me that have no respect for the extended copyright periods that I feel were bought by media companies (If it's over 28 years old, I'll pirate away unless i can get it for a *reasonable* price).

        For example: I put down $200 smackers five seasons for get smart. On the other hand I ahoy'd some 1960-1966 comics in cdisplay format vs paying $50 for them in hardback format. I'll also download things so I can take them on a trip with me- for example I downloaded Moulin Rouge (which I own on DVD) because I wanted to take it with me and not risk losing my original.

        I have a problem with DRM period. I think we have a temporary window where these products are grossly overpriced. I completely disagree that an "artist" should get paid for the rest of their life for a song when the rest of the world gets paid by the hour. The purpose of copyright is not to provide artists/ creators retirement but to encourage them to create works for the public. Given how many artists there are striving to create entertainment today- I really doubt they need any more encouragement.

          • Fraud. (Score:3, Insightful)

            by Belial6 (794905)
            Um, if you keep paying a manufacturer for the same product they produced and sold to you already, you haven't bought it, you have rented it. If I buy a laptop, car, or hamburger, I can do as I wish with it and never pay the manufacturer again. If they want me to pay them again, they have to make me a new one. If I go home and manufacture my own burger, no matter how similar to a Big Mac it might be, I do not feel that I have deprived anyone of a way of making a living.

            In fact, I believe that most medi
      • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

        I don't think anyone here is anti-DRM.

        Wrong. Many here are.

        DRM just means the artist gets paid for his work.

        Wrong again. That's just a line used to sell DRM. Artists have been getting paid for ages before DRM existed. This FUD against copying and sharing is the same drivel that was pushed against people sharing cassettes, copying videotapes, or taping television/radio broadcasts.

        There is no justification for DRM and your hypothetical well implemented DRM is not possible and therefore will never be created.

        • by jlarocco (851450) on Saturday February 10 2007, @03:00PM (#17964820) Homepage

          You put DRM in your stuff, I don't buy it, that simple. There's no such thing as good DRM.

          I'll second that.

          If I can't buy a product without DRM, I'll download it from a torrent site, or I'll go without. If I crack the DRM to get a copy in a different format, I'll be a "criminal" anyway, so might as well go the path of least resistance.

    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      DRM isn't necessarily evil; it's the unfair enforcement of such DRM that is, which is his main point. He's also saying also that a standard unencrypted mp3 can have DRM merely by being bound by a license agreement; it's once you start employing a digital means to enforce those terms that DRM begins to become intrusive.

      Mr. Chiariglione differentiates between DRM (management), which would be that unencrypted MP3 with license notice attached, and DRM (protection) which enforces.

      Chiariglione goes on to talk ab