The Contiki Desktop OS for C64, NES, 8-bit Atari, 403
Adam Dunkels writes "This is for those of you who think that a text-based operating system that fits compressed on a 1.44Mb floppy counts as 'tiny': the brand new Contiki operating system and desktop environment for the Commodore 64, with ports to a bunch of other platforms such as the 8-bit Nintendo Entertainment System, the VIC-20, 8-bit Ataris, Atari Jaguar, the Tandy CoCo, and the Apple ][ under development. The Contiki system includes
the following: a multi-tasking kernel, a windowing
system and themeable GUI toolkit, a screen saver, a TCP/IP
stack, a personal
web server, and a web
browser. The Contiki web browser, which is likely to be the world's smallest browser given its extremely small memory footprint, is the world's first true web browser for an 8-bit system and probably makes the 21 years old Commodore 64 the oldest system ever to run a real web browser! All of the above programs are contained in a single, fully self-contained, 42 kilobytes large binary. The entire Contiki system with all programs running simultaneously is comfortable in 64 kilobytes of memory. The name 'Contiki' is derived from Thor
Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki
raft which was able to sail across the Pacific Ocean despite being built using prehistoric techniques, something previously thought impossible. There are also screenshots
and a FAQ
avaliable."
Re:images?! (Score:2, Informative)
C64 is the oldest? What? (Score:5, Informative)
Check me if I'm wrong on this, but I believe the Atari 400/800 are a couple of years older than the C64, which would make *it* the oldest system to run a web browser. I had one (an 800) with 32 whopping-mo-fo-kilobytes of RAM in, like, 1981.
Yeah, that's right, I was a badass.
Re:images?! (Score:2, Informative)
Simalarly for GIFs.
If you want to see something similar to what it does atm try:
# lynx http://slashdot.org
or
# links http://slashdot.org
Provided you have either program installed.
Pushing the limits (Score:5, Informative)
I figured it was some sort of butt-slow serial hack, but instead they designed their own C64 ethernet cartridge [dunkels.com]! Nicely done.
Come to think of it, weren't these the same guys we saw a while back here on
Server is slow... FAQ and tech (Score:4, Informative)
Contiki is an Internet-enabled operating system and desktop environment for a number of smallish systems such as the 8-bit Commodore 64. In short, Contiki is the software needed to access the Internet and browse the web. What makes Contiki special is that it makes it possible to do this even from really constrained systems, which previously have been belived to be too small to be able to run this kind of software.
Is this about retro or nostalgia?
No. This is not about playing old games to revive childhood memories. It is about pushing the limits and doing things previously thought impossible.
What do I need to run Contiki?
A standard system to which Contiki is ported. In general, there are no expansion boards, CPU accelerators or extra memory cards required, not even a disk drive. An RS-232 (serial) card or Ethernet connection is required for Internet connectivity, however.
The typical system requirements for the Contiki system is about 20 kilobytes of RAM for the base functionality and about 50 kilobytes for full functionality (desktop icons, web browser, web server, etc.)
Do I need to upgrade my system to run Contiki?
No. Contiki is designed to work with unexpanded systems, so there is no need for megabytes of RAM or main board upgrades.
Does Contiki require megabytes of memory, or 16-bit CPU accellerator upgrades?
No, in general, Contiki does not require any upgrades, accelerators or expansion kits.
Does Contiki need assistance of a powerful server to reach the Internet?
No. Contiki does not require assistance of a powerful PC or *nix server to use the Internet. Everything (TCP/IP, HTTP, HTML, etc.) is done by Contiki on the 8-bit system.
Is the Contiki web browser really the first browser for 8-bit systems?
Yes. While there are other programs such as the HyperLink hyper-text document viewer that allow an 8-bit system to browse the web, these programs require a powerful *nix server to translate the Internet content to a simpler format that the 8-bit system understands.Contiki does not require assistance of a powerful server, but is fully self-contained.
There are also web browsers that claim to run on 8-bit system, but in reality require radically more powerful 16-bit CPUs and megabytes of memory. The Wave is such a browser.
Is it possible to use Contiki with a modem and a dial-up Internet account? Does Contiki support PPP?
Lawrence Chitty is currently working on PPP support for Contiki.
Is it possible to use Contiki with a broadband or DSL connection?
Yes, if you have an Ethernet card for your system, it is possible to use Contiki with a broadband or DSL connection.
Does Contiki support pre-emptive multitasking?
No, Contiki does cooperative multitasking. The reason for not supporting pre-emptive multitasking is that it would unnecessarily increase the complexity not only of the operating system, but also of the applications that would run under it. Pre-emptive multitasking is primarily useful in general purpose multiuser operating systems such as *nix, or in real-time systems where response time is critial. Contiki does not fit in either of those categories.
Where does the name "Contiki" come from?
The name "Contiki" is taken from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft. Kon-Tiki was built using prehistoric techniques in order to prove that ancient Polynesians actually were able to sail from South America to the Polynesian islands. Similarly, Contiki runs on prehistoric computers, yet it is able to do much of a modern PC usually does.
Are there any other uses for Contiki?
The small size of Contiki could make it useful in small networked systems which are required to be very inexpensive. Such a system could be comprised of a low-cost, low-power, 8-bit microcontroller like an AVR, an Ethernet chip such as the CS8900a, an LCD display and three touch buttons - perhaps something similar to the Mosaic Industries EtherSmart Controller. Contiki would make it possible to surf the web from a device with only a small low-cost 8-bit microcontroller, without needing to use an expensive 32-bit CPU.
Contiki would not make a good environment for an end-user device such as a handheld PDA or a mobile GSM phone, however, as it don't have the kind of features expected from a web browsing environment of today. There is no Java, no Flash, and it even lacks support for images. Most modern handhelds, PDAs and mobile phones have quite a lot of computing power; many of them are even able to run a graphical version of Linux. For systems of that size, there are better environments than Contiki available.
At the heart of the Contiki desktop environment is the event driven Contiki kernel. Using non-preemptive multitasking, the Contiki event kernel makes it possible to run several programs in parallel. It also provides message passing mechanisms and timers to the running programs.
Processes
In the Contiki event kernel, a process is defined by three entities: the initialization function, the event handler and the idle loop. The idle loop is optional and is called repeatedly whenever the system has nothing else to do (i.e., when no events occur and no timers are scheduled). The event handler is called when an event occurs. The initialization function is used to initialize the program and to register to which events the process is listening. A process the does not have an idle loop must listen to at least one event, or else the process will never be scheduled and will therefore not ever run again.
Events
Events can be emitted by all processes and can be directed either towards a particular process, or towards all processes. If the processes are listening for the event, the event handler function will be invoked for each process. An emitted event is accompanied with a pointer that can be used for message passing between processes.
Timers
Timers are implemented using events; each event can be scheduled to occur at a given time in the future. The Contiki event kernel will emit the event when the timer goes off. Because the Contiki event kernel never preempts a running process, there are no guarantees about the time-out times.
Examples
The figure the left is an illustration of how the Contiki event kernel works. There are four processes in the system and when the system starts, each process' initialization function (here called init()) is called. After the initialization in done, no events are scheduled, so the idle functions of the processes are being run. Only process 2 implements an idle function, and it will be called repeatedly until event 1 is emitted. Processes 1 and 3 have registered a listener for event 1, and each process' event handler function is invoked in response to the event being emitted. Both event handler functions run to completion, after which no events are scheduled so the idle loop is run until event 2 is emitted some time later. Process 4 has registered a listener for this event, so its event handler function is invoked.
As a more concrete example of how the Contiki event kernel works, consider the Contiki desktop environment. Here, there are several processes running: the GUI and windowing system (i.e., the CTK toolkit), the TCP/IP stack, and all of the programs such as the web browser and e-mail client. Both CTK and the TCP/IP stack implements idle functions, whereas the other processes only implements event handlers. The CTK idle function checks for keypresses and TCP/IP stack's idle function polls the network device driver for incoming packets.
The Contiki Tool-Kit (CTK) provides graphical user interface primitives such as windows, dialog boxes, buttons and text editing to Contiki and its programs. CTK is designed to be highly modularized which makes it possible to change the appearence of it in a lot of ways and to adapt it to many platforms.
Frontends and themes
CTK is divided into two separate modules; the CTK backend, which handles how the user interacts with the windows, buttons, menus, etc., and the CTK frontend which draws the windows onto the screen and grabs keypresses from the user. It is this division that makes CTK portable.
It is also possible to create different CTK looks, themes, by changing the CTK frontend. Currently, there are three CTK themes:
ctk-conio
The textbased "base" theme of CTK. It is designed to be extremely portable; in order to port it to new platforms, it is sufficient to implement as few as three C functions.
ctk-eyecandy
A modern looking grayish theme with squared buttons and windows, and a vertical gradient background. Only runs on the Commodore 64 version of Contiki and was the first graphical theme to be implemented.
ctk-blueround
A blueish theme with rounded buttons and window borders for the Commodore 64.
Windows
Similar to most other desktop GUI systems, windows are central to the design of CTK. Windows are the container of all other user interface elements. In CTK, windows can be moved and closed, but they cannot be resized or iconified. The visible windows form a hierarchy where the bottom windows are overlapped by the front windows. The frontmost window receives the user input and is usually drawn in another color than the back windows.
Dialogs
Dialogs are a special kind of windows that do not have a normal window border, and are always on top of the other windows, and focused. Dialogs always appear at the center of the screen and cannot be moved around.
Menus
The CTK menus are similar to the Mac OS ones in that there is only one menubar and not one menubar per application. The default configuration is to have the menu bar at the top of the screen (like Mac OS), but since this it up to the actual frontend implementation, it could very well be drawn at the bottom of the screen.
Widgets
Like most GUI toolkits, CTK uses user interface widgets to manage the user interface. There are six widget types in CTK: separators, labels, buttons, hyperlinks, text entry widgets and icons.
Separators
Separators are passive widgets that only serves the single purpose of separating widgets from each other. Separators have a configurable width, but always has a height of one.
Labels
The CTK label widget is a passive widget that displays text. Both height and width are settable.
Buttons
CTK buttons are active widgets that, when pressed, emit a ctk_signal_button_pressed signal to the process that created the button.
Hyperlinks
CTK hyperlinks are active widgets that emit a ctk_signal_hyperlink_active signal when pressed and a ctk_signal_hyperlink_hover signal when they are selected. The signals are sent to all processes that are listening for the signal. This makes it possible for both the web browser process and the e-mail client process to listen for hyperlinks, and the e-mail process can choose to handle mailto: links, whereas the web browser handles hyperlinks starting with http://. The ctk_signal_hyperlink_hover signal lets the web browser change the status bar message when a hyperlink is selected.
Text entries
The CTK textentry widget is an active widget that is the primary text input method of CTK. The text that the text entry widget edits may be wider than the actual width of the widget, and the widget will scroll the text when the cursor moves off the right of the widget. The text entry widget can be multiple characters high.
Icons
The primary use of the CTK icon widget is to have desktop icons. When pressed, the CTK icon widget emits the ctk_signal_button_pressed signal.
The Contiki desktop environment uses version 0.9 of the uIP TCP/IP stack to provide Internet communication. uIP is designed to allow limited systems to enjoy full TCP/IP communication.
uIP provides the following protocols:
ARP (IP address to Ethernet MAC address protocol)
SLIP (Serial Line IP)
IP (fragment reassembly turned off for Contiki)
ICMP echo (ping)
Unicast UDP
TCP
In addition to the above protocols, a PPP implementation is currently being developed by Lawrence Chitty.
DNS - Domain Name System
In order to run the web browser, Contiki must implement the DNS protocol. DNS maps host names (like www.google.com) into a numerical IP address (like 216.239.51.101) by using a globally distributed database.
The DNS client in Contiki has a cache of hostname and IP address pairs so that a DNS lookup will not have to be made each time a Contiki program asks for an IP address. The size of the cache is configured at compile time and typically is about 10 entries large.
The DNS client implementation is not very heavily tested andmay fail with certain DNS names.
More information
For more information about the uIP TCP/IP stack, see the uIP homepage at: http://dunkels.com/adam/uip/.
Re:Bigger is not necessarily better. (Score:1, Informative)
Contiki programs (Score:3, Informative)
The Commodore 64 screen saver shows two small pillars of fire at the left and right edges of the screen. The fires are drawn using 8x8 pixel blocks, colored in firery colors (red, yellow and white). The screen shots below gives an idea of how it looks, but the fires of course look better when actually running.
The Contiki web browser is not only the world's first true web browser for 8-bit systems, but also the smallest browser available and sets a new record for the oldest computer ever to browse the world wide web.
The Contiki web browser contains the essentials of what's needed to browse the web. It does DNS lookups, talks HTTP (over TCP/IP) to fetch web pages over the Internet and renders HTML pages with text, hyperlinks and forms. There is currently no support for pictures or JavaScript.
Smallest
Regular web browsers require several megabytes of RAM and disk space. The Contiki web browser only needs a few kilobytes of RAM and no disk at all. With a code footprint of 9 kilobytes and with a total of only 4 kilobytes of RAM required, it might very well be the world's smallest web browser.
Oldest
The Contiki web browser is probably the first web browser ever to run on an over 20 years old computer system - the Commodore 64 is from 1982. (This record will be broken when some of the other ports are ready.)
First
While it has been possible for some time to use an 8-bit platform for web browsing, previous browser-type programs for 8-bit platforms have required assistance of special programs running on much more powerful Unix or PC servers to be able to reach the Internet and display web pages. This is how Cameron Kaiser's C64 HyperLink hyper-text document viewer, the Uzix FudeBrowZer for MSX, and the VIC 20 WAP browser work. Other browsers have claimed to be running on 8-bit platforms, while in reality they require much more powerful 16-bit CPUs and more memory than most 8-bit systems can handle. The Wave is an example of such a browser.
The Contiki web browser does not need any special proxy programs or Unix servers. Instead, it connects directly to the Internet, downloads and displays web pages and provide a user interface, without extra software or special power-servers. It is therefore the world's first true web browser for an 8-bit system.
User agent string
If you see something like the following in your web server logs, you know you've had a visitation from the Contiki web browser:
User-Agent: Contiki/1.0 (Commodore 64; http://dunkels.com/adam/contiki/)
Ideas for the future
In the current version, the main limiting factor is the memory usage. By optimizing the web browser code and introducing loadable program modules, more memory will be made available for feature enhancements. Some of the possible future features are:
Buffering for faster scrolling. The current version of the Contiki browser does not buffer the downloaded web pages. Instead, it parses the HTML on-the-fly and only stores what's actually shown on the screen. This means that in order to scroll down a page, the page has to be downloaded from the web server again. By buffering a larger part of the web page, scrolling could be made radically faster. Adding support for this will be straightforward as the current architecture already is designed for this extension.
File and full disk downloads. Being able to directly download files from the Internet down to a C64 disk or tape would be a very nice feature to have. Also, the ability to directly download a full D64 image to a C64 disk would be a nice way to get new software and demos for the C64. Since latest version of cc65 now supports file I/O, this feature could probably be quite easily added.
Improved forms support. Currently, only forms with a GET action is supported, and only the input types submit, text and image.
Tabbed browsing. Starting with Mozilla and Galeon, many modern browsers have started using a feature known as tabbed browsing. With tabbed browsing, multiple browser sessions can be kept in parallel and accessed using special buttons at the top of the browser window. Adding tabbed browsing to the Contiki web browser will probably require a more sophisticated memory management on the Contiki web browser's part as well as more RAM, but should otherwise pose no fundamental problems.
Viewing JPEG images. The amazing JPX/Juddpeg C64 JPEG viewer by Adrian Gonzalez and Steve Judd shows that it is possible to render JPEG images on a C64. Their code could perhaps be incorporated into the Contiki browser which would facilitate viewing inline JPEG images in the web pages. The main problems with JPEG decoding is that it probably requires a lot of CPU cycles, and might use too much memory to be possible to incorporate in the Contiki browser.
Viewing GIF images. There are several GIF viewers available for the Commodore 64, and it might similarly be possible to integrate one of these into the Contiki browser. GIF image decoding should be less CPU intensive than JPEG decoding, and uses less memory since it does not require as much memory for tables as JPEG decoding.
SID player plugin. Downloading SID tunes to listen to while browsing should be possible. By reserving the memory between $1000 and $2000, a lot of SID tunes could be used.
Flash plugin. Olivier Debon's Flash player is quite small - only about 9k when compiled for the x86 - so it just might be possible to port it to the C64.
Java virtual machine for running Java applets. While this idea is more far fetched than the above ones, it should be noted that Brian Bagnall actually is working on porting/implementing a Java virtual machine for the C64.
The Contiki personal web server provides a convenient way to transfer files from Contiki to any other computer over the Internet. The web server currently only works with the Ethernet-equipped Commodore 64.
The web server works by sending a full C64 disk image as a D64 disk image over the Internet. The D64 disk image can be downloaded using a regular web browser. Future versions of the web server will make it possible to download selected files and read the directory over the Internet.
The Contiki telnet client is intended to make it possible to do text-based remote logins to Unix servers from Contiki. It is currently under development and when finished, the Contiki telnet client will implement a VT100 compatible terminal which will allow screen based programs such as vi and emacs to be run from Contiki.
Currently, the Contiki telnet client only is good for doing other stuff than actually running telnet. It can be used as a poor man's e-mail program, for instance.
Or it can be used to read and post Usenet news.
HTTP and HTML purists can even use it as a very simple web browser.
Apart from the two applications that come with Contiki 1.0 (the web browser, the web server and the telnet client), there are a few applications under development:
An e-mail program.
An IRC client.
More applications are expected to be developed.
The Contiki e-mail program will eventually support reading and sending e-mail from Contiki. It currently is possible to send mails, but getting incoming e-mails have not yet been implemented.
The Contiki e-mail program first will need to be configured with identifying information and the names of the e-mail servers that will be used for sending and receiving e-mail.
Once configured, one can start typing in short e-mails.
Of course, we don't want to accidentally erase the message we spent so much time typing in. As can be seen from the screen shot, the program isnt bug free yet (where is that "No" button?).
'
And off we go! The e-mail is converted from the Commodore PETSCII encoding into regular ASCII before sending, hence the captialized text in the mail.
Re:Darn... (Score:1, Informative)
Contiki Links (Score:4, Informative)
URL: http://dunkels.com/adam/contiki/links.html
System information and emulators
Commodore 64/128
The Commodore 64 is based on the 6510 CPU, which is a 6502-derived 8-bit CPU. It has 64k of RAM and 16k ROM which includes a BASIC interpreter and some basic I/O services. Graphics is provided by the VIC chip which has 16 colors and a maximum resolution of 320x200 in hi-res mode. It provides a 40x25 raster of characters in character mode. The three voices of digital sound is produced by the SID chip.
The Commodore 128 is an extended version of the Commodore 64 that contains a 8510 CPU which is capable of 2 MHz operation and can address 128k RAM (hence the name Commodore 128). It also has a Commodore 64 compatibility mode which is extremely similar to a regular C64 but with a few minor differences.
SuperCPUThe SuperCPU [cmdrkey.com] is a 20 MHz 16-bit 65816-based computer that is plugged into the back of the Commodore 64 or 128. It uses the C64 keyboard and joysticks for input and the VIC and SID chips for audiovisual output. The SuperCPU is capable of addressing several megabytes of memory and is usually used together with a 16 megabytes RAM expansion board.
There are no SuperCPU emulators avaliable.
Links- The VICE [t-online.de] emulator
is capable of emulating a large number of Commodore machines. It
emulates the C64, the C128, the VIC20, most of the PET models, and the
CBM-II. VICE runs under Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, and a number of other
host systems.
- Joakim Eriksson's Web
C64 [dreamfabric.com] emulator, written in Java, runs as an applet within a web
browser.
- Per Håkan Sundell's CCS64 [computerbrains.com] emulator works
under Windows and DOS.
- The ec64 [uni-halle.de]
emulator is developed for Linux and was originally written entirely in
x86 assembler.
- An article [mooli.org.uk] by Simon
N Goodwin about C64 emulators.
- The Commodore
emulators [dmoz.org] category in the Dmoz has more links.
Operating systems and desktop environmentsCommodore 64/128
There are plenty of alternative operating systems for the C64, mostly written in 6502 assembler. Some of them are far from complete, however, and only appear as dark shadows on a few web pages - MagerValp's SMOS and my own osT are among those.
- GEOS [zimmers.net] from 1986 probably
is the most well-known graphical operating system for the C64. It is
still sold commercially by CMDKEY.com [cmdrkey.com].
- LUnix NG [sourceforge.net] is an
open-source multi-tasking operating system with TCP/IP/PPP-support, a
*nix-like command shell, and a number of *nix-like utilities
such as ls and cp.
- Craig Bruce's ACE [csbruce.com] is a
text-based single-tasking operating system for the 64 and the 128. It
provides a *nix-like command shell, a text-editor, a terminal program
for the SwiftLink RS232 interface, as well as device drivers for a
lot of devices
- GeckOS/A65 [6502.org] is a
multi-tasking operating system with TCP/IP support and a *nix-like
command shell.
- Wheels [ia4u.net]
is a version of GEOS that requires RAM expansion to run.
SuperCPUWith its 20 MHz and megabytes of memory, the SuperCPU is powerful enough to run fully-fledged graphical operating systems that rival early Machintosh or Microsoft Windows systems.
- Wings [igs.net] is a
TCP/IP-enabled graphical operating system for the SuperCPU. It
includes a MOD music player, JPEG viewer, web page download utility,
etc.
- JOS [sweetcherrie.com] is an older version
of Wings.
Internet softwareTCP/IP and PPP connectivity
To surf the web, send or read email, etc., the first step is to actually get in touch with the Internet. This requires both physical access to an ISP, either via a modem and a phone-line or an Ethernet broadband connection, and the TCP/IP software running on the C64.
There are a number of programs that make it possible to reach the Internet with a C64/C128.
- LUnix NG [sourceforge.net] contains a
TCP/IP stack and a PPP implementation which makes it possible to reach
the Internet using a modem and a dial-up ISP.
- GeckOS/A65 [6502.org] also
contains a TCP/IP stack, but no PPP dialer.
- My own uIP [dunkels.com] TCP/IP stack
has been used for some time to run a web server on a Commodore 64 [cc65.org]. uIP
currently does not include a PPP dialer.
- Novaterm 10 [ros.com.au]
contains a PPP dialer and enough TCP/IP code to be able to run telnet
over the Internet.
Application programsSuperCPU
All of the above mentioned SuperCPU operating systems have TCP/IP support.
- The
Wave [ia4u.net] is a web browser for the SuperCPU (and not for the Commodore
64/128 as the web page claims) that runs under the Wheels operating
systems. Here [videocam.net.au]
is another page with information about The Wave (that also falsely
claims that The Wave is for the Commodore 64/128). The latter page
also includes screenshots of The Wave in action.
Commodore 64/128Small graphical user-interfaces (GUIs)
User interfaces for embedded systems range from the simple buttons on the front of a washing machine to those of fully fledged web browser type interfaces on information stations. The underlying technology varies from simple electronic circuits to full-scale PC compatibles.
- PicoGUI [picogui.org] is a GUI architecture
designed for embedded systems to desktop machines. It does not require
any supporting GUI system and can be used on anything from graphical
screens to text based systems. Their smallest target system are
handheld terminals and the compiled object code size is on the order
of hundreds of kilobytes.
- Microwindows/NanoGUI [microwindows.org] is
a graphical user interface system designed to run without support from
an underlying system. On 16-bit systems Microwindows is about 64k
large.
Small web browsersThe smallest web browsers are usually specially designed for the limitations of embedded systems and other specialized computers such as car navigation systems, set-top boxes and medical equipment. There are also a few small web browsers for old DOS PCs available.
Re:Just curious... (Score:1, Informative)
Re:NES Install? (Score:5, Informative)
The name is badly chosen (Score:2, Informative)
Re:Ohh That Poor Commodore (Score:3, Informative)
The last time the c64 web server was noted in Slashdot, it survived a *long* time. I remembered people posting, puzzledly, stuff like "jesus christ, article has been here for hours and that thing is still up?" =)
...and it's up right now! uIP stack rules. Long live 6510!
Re:Written in C? (Score:4, Informative)
Re:Written in C? (Score:4, Informative)
It's not really C that you're referring to, it's the way most compilers use the stack.
Actually, there are C compilers available for PIC microcontrollers (and similar devices) that are even more limited than the 6502: 8 byte hardware stack (not directly accessible from code), Harvard architecture, etc. These work quite nicely, although they can't use the stack for much, instead using and intelligently reusing registers for parameter passing and local variables. All of this requires call-tree analysis, which precludes recursion. But then you'd be insane to write recursive code on a machine with an 8-byte stack.
Re:Not the first C=64 browser (Score:4, Informative)
Re:C64 is the oldest? What? (Score:4, Informative)
> on a 1970's vintage VAX
Sure - Netscape, and before that, NCSA Mosaic, ran just fine on VAX/VMS systems with an Xwindows UI. The first VAX systems are from 1978 (VAX-11/780), and there are still quite a few of these in active use today.
Re:this begs the question.... (Score:2, Informative)
Well, if someone was serious about it. The Crystal/Cirrus CS8900A [cirrus.com] has an 8-bit interface mode. There are a number [seanadams.com] of projects [embeddedethernet.com] on the web [embeddedether.net] interfacing it to several [mit.edu] 8-bit processors [tihlde.org]. Someone could conceivably make a cartridge containing an ethernet interface and the Contiki Desktop in ROM (I'm not holding my breath though).
Re:Darn... (Score:2, Informative)
Introducing... The Catweasel MK3 [jschoenfeld.com].
This beauty will let you:Another cool feature is that the same card can be connected to the PCI bus, Amiga's Zorro bus OR the Amiga 1200's clock port. Three different connectors on the same card. Leet? ;)
How much? 84,90 EUR. That's less than $95.Now, tell me you don't want one
Re:DRAT! (Score:2, Informative)
Not the first web browser for an 8-bit platform (Score:2, Informative)
UZIX 2.0 [sourceforge.net]