Computer Scientist Looks At ICBM Security 124
An anonymous reader writes "Computer security guru Matt Blaze takes a tour of a decommissioned ICBM complex in Arizona. Cool photos, insightful perspective on two man control, perimeter security, human factors and why we didn't blow ourselves up. From the article: 'The most prominent security mechanism at the Titan site, aside from the multiple layers of thick blast-proof entry doors and the fact that the entire complex is buried underground, was procedural: almost all activities required two person control. Everywhere outside of the kitchen, sleeping quarters and toilet were "no lone zones" where a second person had to be present at all times, even for on-duty members of the launch crews.'"
First Launch! (Score:5, Funny)
It may take two people to launch an ICBM, but it only takes one troll to launch a first post!
And the Futuristic Safety Mechanism Is ... (Score:4, Insightful)
I joke but human redundancy is probably your best bet and pretty reassuring considering I've seen Dr. Strangelove twenty times or so. Also I enjoyed this picture [flickr.com]. Is it a good idea to store the keys right above the safe to the Emergency War Orders? No matter, if you know the combination to the lock and have a twenty pound sledge, those hastily welded rings holding on the safety padlocks will take a few seconds to remove.
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The text commentary on the picture you link indicates that the safe is (probably) only intended to resist opening for a certain amount of time (like any safe really). Presumably, the people who approved it were aware that it had certain limitations.
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Re:And the Futuristic Safety Mechanism Is ... (Score:5, Funny)
Yes the buddy system is hardly confined to missile silos. I was a day labourer and factory worker in Oz during the 70's & 80's, standard industrial saftey rules say that no worker is to be alone where machinery or confined spaces are involved.
I had no idea that the Lollipop Guild had such rigorous safety guidelines.
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He was a flying monkey, you insensitive clod!
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Well, you saw what happened to the Wicked Witch of the East. She was working alone.
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It's a pain in the ass, you can't even plug a lamp into an outlet without filling out a form and having a Lollipop Guild member come in to do it for you. And it takes them like 4 hours to show up. I'd recommend holding your conferences in Narnia, which is non-Union.
Re:And the Futuristic Safety Mechanism Is ... (Score:5, Informative)
I joke but human redundancy is probably your best bet and pretty reassuring considering I've seen Dr. Strangelove twenty times or so. Also I enjoyed this picture [flickr.com]. Is it a good idea to store the keys right above the safe to the Emergency War Orders? No matter, if you know the combination to the lock and have a twenty pound sledge, those hastily welded rings holding on the safety padlocks will take a few seconds to remove.
Did you read the text accompanying that picture?
Those keys would not have been on top of the cabinet there - that's a display for the tourists.
Each launch officer had a key to one padlock, meaning that two launch officers were necessary to open that cabinet. The point isn't to keep some random guy from walking in and launching a missile... That's what all the guards, barbed wire, blast doors, etc. are for. The point is to make sure that it takes two launch officers to launch a missile.
Not a simple two key to fire system (Score:1)
I'm pretty sure that it's not secret information that while turning two keys is one way to launch a missile under certain circumstances, there are other conditions that will lead to missiles being launched without keys, or launch commands being ignored despite turning two keys.
Presumably, the instructions are coded into a tape memory bank of a gigantic complex of computers.
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You are right in a sense that if two keys were turned by the launch crew at the launch control facility (LCF)so a launch of missiles was initiated then the launch could be inhibited by other launch crews at other LCF's in the squadron. There was only a narrow window of time in which the launch could be inhibited.
I was a part of the initial "Operation Looking Glass" in which the missiles (under certain prescribed postures) could be launched from an airborne aircraft. Probably now it is the KC135 but back in
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Or one officer with an angle grinder or bolt cutters?
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Or one officer with an angle grinder or bolt cutters?
I suspect that under normal operating conditions somebody going after that cabinet with an angle grinder or bolt cutters would probably arouse suspicion.
However... Under abnormal operating conditions, it might be desirable to be able to get into that cabinet without too much trouble.
Re:And the Futuristic Safety Mechanism Is ... (Score:5, Informative)
Erm, you didn't read the article. The article says, if you had bothered to read it:
"The "Emergency War Orders" (EWO) safe, for example, which contains the launch keys and codes, is locked not just by a single combination, but also by two padlocks, one belonging to each launch officer."
Just in case you have difficulty reading, I'll make that clear:
- 1 combination lock AND
- 2 keys locks, with each key held by a different person.
I don't know about you, but I happen to think that the people who were so terrifyingly clever as to know how to build an ICBM were also capable of building a safe that requires three locks to undo without worrying about The Hinge Problem, by using such fiendish ingenuity as, oh I don't know, using a file-container (slide-out drawer), not a hinged door. As it says in the very next paragraph of the same story you chose to take someone else to task for, because you thought they'd not read it. And guess what, if you have difficulty with words, the nice man even took some pretty pictures where you could actually see that it wasn't a hinged door.
Numpty.
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Right?
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i bet they had weapons and live ammo with them so if you tried to break into the safe by yourself your buddy might have to shoot you. or beat you with something else from behind while you are concentrating on breaking into the safe
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i bet they had weapons and live ammo with them so if you tried to break into the safe by yourself your buddy might have to shoot you.
But that would make him a loner in one of those no-lone-zones?
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i imagine that the procedure is to notify your Missile Wing HQ if you kill your "buddy" for trying to launch a nuclear missile without permission
Re:And the Futuristic Safety Mechanism Is ... (Score:4, Funny)
Damn bureaucrats. They want a form filled out for *everything*.
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Please complete form DDR-52.37/5 "Report of Summary Execution Due to Attempted Premature Ignition". You'll find them in the next drawer down.
Re:And the Futuristic Safety Mechanism Is ... (Score:5, Funny)
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But that would make him a loner in one of those no-lone-zones?
The SOP was for him to then shoot himself.
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i think the movie was a bit different than the book and more dramatic
i never manned a missile silo, but the night duty i did in the army we always had to log the most routine things and someone from the higher HQ would stop by a few times a night to make sure everything was OK. I bet in a missile silo they had to communicate with the HQ on a schedule as well and lack of communication would set off someone having to drive there and check things out
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And also why they no longer operate in that fashion.
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Thinking about it, the padlocks aren't for keeping the safe closed, they are for making it obvious that a single person tried to open it.
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They wouldn't stop anyone who was determined to get in, BUT they would slow them down. The general idea was that in the event that one person went a bit mad, they couldn't launch by themselves. There's always someone handy to stop you. I think the more important part of the buddy system was that you always had someone to talk to. Down in a hole all alone, you're more likely to lose it.
Then again, I used to spend hours on end in datacenters by myself. No windows, no
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Then again, I used to spend hours on end in datacenters by myself. No windows,
Lucky you! Must other datacenter dwellers must confront Bill's abomination daily...
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Hehe. Not quite what I meant, but still true. Unless you count X on my laptop. :)
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I guess the army determined that after 5 minutes of hacking away with your sledge, someone would come to see what the fuss was about.
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I guess the army determined that after 5 minutes of hacking away with your sledge, someone would come to see what the fuss was about.
But the only 'someone' around is your partner, who's neck you have just broken. You now have 24 hours (maybe) and the free run of the place. There are inevitably check in procedures and possibly some surveillance equipment so that a rogue crewman could be detected sooner. But how long would it take for the inevitable security team to get through the blast doors and neutralize you?
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Aren't these the people who, according to a previous Slashdot story, set the launch codes to all zeros just in case they lost the keys?
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I was trained while in the US Navy to protect nuclear weapons. We had two-person control. We were also armed with Colt .45s. 1 each. Two guards stood watch at 1 entrance. If there was another entrance, two more guards were posted. Anyone entering had to have two-person control, be on the access list, have a valid reason for being in the area to perform work signed off by the Weapons Officer, XO and CO (if not even a few more persons).
Anyone believed to be causing harm to the weapons or interfering with the
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I joke but human redundancy is probably your best bet and pretty reassuring considering I've seen Dr. Strangelove twenty times or so.
On the 19th viewing of Dr. Strangelove, human redundancy isn't your best bet. Apparently? (I don't see how the beginning of the sentence relates to the end of it.)
Water (Score:5, Funny)
. Jets at the bottom of the silo spray water at the exhaust flames during a launch to create steam, which dampens the massive sound and vibration created by the engines, preventing damage to the missile surface as it leaves the silo
So, all we'd have to do is turn off the valve from the pond that says "DON'T TURN OFF!" and the missile will ruin itself on launch.
Da?
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That reminds me of the red button in the pool of Maniac Mansion:
http://www.mobygames.com/game/amiga/maniac-mansion/screenshots/gameShotId,267642/ [mobygames.com]
If you pushed the red button it would trigger a nuclear explosion would. I believe the text on the button was something along the line "Do not push".
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First, you have to kill moose and squirrel.
Is it even safe (Score:1)
With all the paranoia about tuhrrarists, is it even safe to be reading this? BRB, someone at the d
Good Read. (Score:1)
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If you have never watched The Fog of War [imdb.com] (Robert McNamara), you must. One of the things I learned was that the Cuban Missile Cri
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[citation needed]
Just about everywhere. The Soviets had plenty of ICBMs by the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The advantage of stationing missiles in Cuba was the reduction in flight-time and the corrosponding reduction in reaction-time that would prove an advantage in a first-strike.
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Much rarer [citation provided].
I stand corrected. Thanks for the link, there is a wealth of interesting material out there on the "missile gap" in the early 60s that I had not come across.
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Re:Good Read. (Score:5, Informative)
No they didn't The ones that they had where not very practical.
That is one reason why the Eisenhower pushed so hard to not go nuts building ICBMs because we had more than we needed.
The SS-6 Which had just gone on alert in 1959 took two days to get ready to launch and was easy to notice. The USSR had four on alert in 1962. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/r-7.htm [globalsecurity.org]
It's replacement the SS-8 didn't enter service until 1965. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/r-9.htm [globalsecurity.org]
The only bomber that could really reach the US was the Bear but they where few and the US Air Defenses where actually pretty good at that time. The M-4 could only reach the US on a one way trip and the USSR didn't make many of them. They did use them a lot for propaganda.
The Bager was a good bomber but the USSR lacked forward bases for them so they where only really a threat to Europe, Japan, and US naval forces.
So the USSR really had only 4 ICBMs that might hit the US and those took a very long time to launch. They did have around 100 Bears and maybe 20 Bisons that could have reached the US but how many would have gotten through the almost completely intact US Air Defensives is up for debate.
At the time of Cuban Missile Crisis the US several delevery systems that could threaten the USSR.
The B-52 fleet was still a real threat.
The B-47 fleet while winding down where still active and could hit the USSR from their forward bases.
The B-58 was active and could hit the USSR as well.
The Atlas was in service.
32 Atlas Ds
32 Atlas Es
80 Atlas Fs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM-65_Atlas#Service_history [wikipedia.org]
There was around 60 Titan Is in service, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGM-25A_Titan_I [wikipedia.org]
The US has a massive advantage in Bombers and ICBMs at that time.
In the area of SLBM the US had just about as big of an advantage
And the Polaris was in service and the US had 9 SSBNs in service http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_class_submarine [wikipedia.org] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Allen_class_submarine [wikipedia.org]
The USSR had 21 Golf class SSBs and 8 Hotel SSBNs So the USSR had a 3 to 1 advantage in the number of boats but that doesn't really tell the whole story.
The USSR's SLBM was the R-13 which had a range of less the 400 miles. Not only that but the Subs had to surface to launch and it took up 10 minutes to launch. The math gets worse for the USSR because each sub only carried 3 R-13s. So the USSR could only threaten coastal areas of the US and had to surface within 300 miles of the coast of the US to launch. The Hotel class was very loud and had very low performance and reliability issues. The Golf was not nuclear so it had to snorkel often. The US ASW forces at the time where the best in the world and I doubt that they would averaged even once shot each.
The US force was composed of all nuclear boats. They had much higher performance than the Hotel class. When you look at the missile things really start to shift for in the direction of the US. The US boats carried 16 Polaris missiles. The A-1 had a range of over 1000 miles and could be launched while the sub stayed submerged. So while they USSR had three times the number of boats the US boats carried five times as many missiles and they had three times the range. There are reports that they warheads on the Polaris may not have not been reliable but thank goodness we will never found out.
The simple fact is that the US had a huge advantage and the USSR was really trying to bluff their way into Cuba so they could have a real threat to the US.
And this is leaving uncounted the other strike options the US had.
The tact
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Billions? Naw, if I remember correctly the US estimates were 120-150 million dead here and 110-130 million dead in the USSR.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare#Potential_consequences_of_a_regional_nuclear_war [wikipedia.org]
"A study presented at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December 2006 asserted that even a small-scale, regional nuclear war could produce as many direct fatalities as all of World War I and disrupt the global climate for a decade or more. In a regional nuclear conflict sc
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to be fair WW1 and WW2 were just another in the long line of European wars going back to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire when the French conquered most of Germany. short time later a bunch of French conquered England and then went to war with the rest of France for the next few hundred years.
the French, Germans and English have been fighting each other on a regular schedule for hundreds of years. after the Spanish drove out the Moors the Spanish added themselves to the regular conflicts. When the Russ
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For better or worse they've kept the peace.
So far.
When making projections for the success of this strategy it's important to remember how successful it *has* to be. On the issue of *using* nuclear weapons as opposed to be *having the ability to threaten* with them, it has to be 100% effective for a very, very long time before we can take the inevitable first failure and say, "well, on balance it was worth it."
We're making gross simplifications when we say that nuclear weapons helped us "keep the peace". It's too much to reduce the last sixty years
This is a well-written, thoughtful article (Score:4, Insightful)
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I thought it was a Star Wars reference.
I really need to get out more.
qz
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Pfft, they had it easy. Even in the middle of nowhere they had TV, and phones, and saw the daylight and the horizon.
Try babysitting missiles while being [mumble] feet under the North Atlantic for ninety days at a time.
What if... (Score:1, Funny)
ICBM Security Looks At Computer Scientist
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only in soviet russia my friend.
Soviet Union (Score:1, Funny)
"fueled and ready to be launched toward the Soviet Union on a few minutes notice."
So what if the Limeys decided to get some revenge for 1776? Or those goddam sneaky cheese-eating rat-bastard French?
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"fueled and ready to be launched toward the Soviet Union on a few minutes notice."
So what if the Limeys decided to get some revenge for 1776? Or those goddam sneaky cheese-eating rat-bastard French?
Considering our current economic state and budget train wreck, I think the English are thinking "Bloody hell! We sure dodged that one!"
Anyway, why would anyone want to attacks us? We're on a road to self destruction - we're doing it to ourselves.
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Extremely aggressive people are ironically suicidal most of the time. Personally, I think you would have to be to sign up for most military services. I would say that it's not that most of them have any particular grievance or target or political view, but that they have a need to lash out at something, even themselves.
A competent defense will take this into account. It's the philosophy behind Judo, for instance. Take your attacker's weaknesses into account. The fragility of his determination to do him
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You sound like Noam Chomsky in 2003, mutatis mutandis -- and he was probably just as "correct". This claptrap about the great nation falling on her sword at the height of her power is a la
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Not classified, not secret, don't worry (Score:3, Informative)
My cousin was one of those guys with the keys and a gun and a buddy for many years. He's retired now and shares the stories at family reunions. He was a colonel so I'm sure he knows exactly what he can and cannot talk about. What's even better are his stories about winter life in rural North Dakota.
This stuff has been out in the open for years.
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He was a colonel so I'm sure he knows exactly what he can and cannot talk about.
My ex-brother-in-law was the guy who sunk the Rainbow warrior (he who actually fixed the limpet-mine to the boat). Didn't stop him from boasting about it to his family as soon as he was back from the mission. At that point in time it wasn't even yet publicly known that it was a French secret op, so I'm pretty much sure that he wasn't supposed to talk about it. Yes, "secret" agents are only human too, and might be more loose-lipped than they should...
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You don't know my cousin. He was the prototype when they invented the word "conservative". He also left out a lot of details.
And from above . . . (Score:3, Interesting)
Great article. As someone who grew up in Cheyenne, WY near F.E. Warren AFB (an AFB without planes or a landing strip - you can guess the mission) the details of these monsters have always fascinated me. I'd hear stories from my friends whose dads worked either as the missile capsule crews themselves or were maintenance personnel.
If Slashdot readers are flying in and out of Denver International Airport (or any area around CO, NE, WY) you can look out the window and see the launch facilities from the air. Amid the farm lands and country roads, you can look down and see an outcrop of buildings and maybe a quonset hut or two, and then a separate concrete reinforced pad maybe a hundred yards away; the whole area carefully fenced. You can tell they don't quite fit in with everything else. The number of them is startling. Yeah, in fact a little scary. But the author is correct when he states that in the (then) USSR they had the exact same thing pointing at us. Gives me the willies still.
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You say it past tense... the fact remains, all sides are *still* prepared for all out war.
The difference now is that countries like North Korea and Iran think they'll somehow survive it. The long detente between the massive powers resulted in a long term truce and the wars were fought in little puppet skirmishes.
Now we face a world where there are a LOT of people capable of setting off a massive war, and there is no single large target. Just tons of scattered small targets.
These silos are dark because that
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While I don't agree with the 'bomb them before it's too late' theory, we agree about MAD.
That was the old way. The new way is limited high-speed tactical retaliation using standard munitions. Considering the threat posed to a small player (like NK) by even a single Carrier Group showing up in the Sea of Japan, I consider the new method to be very different than the old.
The threat of mass nuclear proliferation ('Global Thermo-Nuclear War' How about a nice game of Chess?) is less likely. The threat of nuclear
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Great article. As someone who grew up in Cheyenne, WY near F.E. Warren AFB (an AFB without planes or a landing strip - you can guess the mission) the details of these monsters have always fascinated me. I'd hear stories from my friends whose dads worked either as the missile capsule crews themselves or were maintenance personnel.
If Slashdot readers are flying in and out of Denver International Airport (or any area around CO, NE, WY) you can look out the window and see the launch facilities from the air. Amid the farm lands and country roads, you can look down and see an outcrop of buildings and maybe a quonset hut or two, and then a separate concrete reinforced pad maybe a hundred yards away; the whole area carefully fenced. You can tell they don't quite fit in with everything else. The number of them is startling. Yeah, in fact a little scary. But the author is correct when he states that in the (then) USSR they had the exact same thing pointing at us. Gives me the willies still.
As someone who grew up in part in northern Colorado, and ran across several missile silos while out on horseback or mountain biking, I'd like to point out that Warren AFB has helicopters, lots and lots of helicopters, and I've been told they show up in a hurry if you spend too much time poking about a missile silo because of the rash of anti-missile protests in the '80's. Warren *does* have a landing strip, actually: the WWI flying ace Eddie Rickenbacher wrecked a plane there once in the 1920's. But AFAIK
A Nuclear Family Vacation (Score:5, Interesting)
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As a positive of visiting all these sites to write their book, they also now glow in the dark and can heat their food without a microwave.
More on Titan I (Score:3, Interesting)
Star Trek was here (Score:2, Interesting)
Just an FYI but Star Trek First Contact was filmed here.
Good thing... (Score:2)
I am so glad to hear that the toilet is *OUTSIDE* the "no lone zone".
"Is the Colonel's underwear a matter of national security?" - Lt. Kaffee, "A Few Good Men"
I am a Nuke Officer right now (Score:2, Informative)
All the policies that SAC (Strategic Air Command) enacted are still present in every day life of a Missileer (Those of us who still man underground silos). Mainly concepts like TPC (Two person concept) along with TPC (Two person control). Both of these allow us to operate in a very safe environment. The best time the public hears about nukes is when they don't hear about them.
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Thanks for the update... we called it two-man concept back in the 60's but now I see it is now a two-person concept.
If I may ask are women now doing the maintenance and the launch procedures also? At the time I was in it was only for males... no idea why that was so... maybe a hold over from WWII as there were many individuals there who flew B-29's and B-17's over targets during the war.
Lots of nice personal stories came out of those conversations when traveling two hours to a LF or LCF located a few miles
There was no security (Score:2, Interesting)
We have all seen a movie where they take out a card with multiple lines of 20 digit numbers and two people have to read theirs before a strike is authorized.
Turns out they were so paranoid that ALL the launch number were zeros. Everyone in power was so afraid of not being able to launch that they decided to short circuit the security. This came out a few years after the US and Russia stood down their nukes.
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More links, with photos. (Score:4, Informative)
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You can tour a Minuteman missle complex... (Score:3, Interesting)
...in South Dakota [nps.gov]. The cool thing is that the tours are small (6-8 people), and are led by folks who were actually in the bunkers when they were active. Fascinating stuff...like how the escape hatch actually led to a spot under the parking lot asphalt.
Clearing up some details. (Score:3, Informative)
The authors discusses PALs and wonders about their absence. ICBM warheads were (and are) not equipped with PALs, because they are only required on weapons that may be exposed to capture or loss.
The authors mentions the security seems to "have a hard shell and a soft interior". That's because he discusses the veru visible security measures (meant to protect against external threats) but only briefly discusses the surety procedures (meant to protect against internal threats and unauthorized launches) and doesn't realize the full import of the latter. (The full details of the surety procedures are classified and are much more extensive than detailed in the article or in any public source.) I don't think he even realizes there is a difference between the two. I suspect, like the computer geeks I've seen here on Slashdot, that he's a little fuzzy on the difference between electronic (computer and network) security and security in the physical world.
Disclaimer: Yes, I am a former ICBM crewman - though I wore Navy blue rather than chair force blue.
I've been inside one of the abandoned sites! (Score:3, Interesting)
I live within 4 miles of one of the Titan II sites in SE Arizona. They are up and down the1-10 and 1-19 freeway from Tucson. When they were decommissioned, the silos were filled with debris and cement and permanently disabled, the control rooms and Blast rooms were not. Many of the sites were sold to people who later covered them up. Some didn't do such a good job and I was able to find one that afforded access, although you had to shimmy down a small shaft about 30 feet to get to the Control center and the crew quarters. I wasn't the first to do this and there were some pics on flicker that were taken by other "explorers".
One of the things that struck me was the extreme solitude you got inside one of these. All of the instrumentation and most of the furnishings have long ago been stripped out. There were lots of electronic cabinets and a few desirable computer racks (including a nice DEC PDP rack I could have used for my PDP-11)
The Titan II ICBM's were large a liquid fueled and were extremely dangerous. The Titan II was used to launch the Gemini capsules in the 60's. There was a greater danger due to a hydrazine explosion (like the one one in Arkansas) than by a nuclear explosion. Still, I shudder to thing of a 9 megaton nuclear warhead parked 4 miles from my house...for 20 years!! The Titan II ICBM had the distinction of carrying the largest nuclear warhead by a missile...ever! Later the one big warhead were replaced by several smaller mirv warheads.
I remember after crawling through the access shaft and walking through the terrible dark control center and then using a ladder to get to the crew quarters, I could have imagined what it was to be working in one of these. Someone else had that feeling also and inscribed by one of the places where the bunks may have been, I saw this graffiti written on the cement wall of the bunker:
"You've just launched a motherfukin nuclear missile and started World War III and doomed mankind...It's Miller Time!"
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No, the Titan II was never MIRVed. It was a single warhead missile over it's entire service life.
T shirts we had while I was serving as a Navy missile fire control tech back in the 80's:
No lone zones are not new (Score:2)
Banks frequently have at least two people present when counting cash. For obvious reasons.
In a number of places where I have worked we usually had two people present when moving databases or critical software to production. It didn't matter i the person watching was a junior member of the team or not. Their role was to double check things, e.g. make sure current backups are available, the person doing the rollout was pointed at the correct server, the correct release version was being used.They could call o
This is the Titan Missle Museum in AZ (Score:2)
Seems like very few people have noticed that this is the Titan Missile Museum in Tucson, Arizona, which is entirely open to the public. I toured the same place and took pictures very much like what is in the article. It's definitely high up there in the list of cool places for a geek to visit while on vacation:
http://www.titanmissilemuseum.org/ [titanmissilemuseum.org]
I would also recommend the nearby Pima Air and Space Museum, also in Tucson. There is also supposedly the Biosphere II one could visit, although I didn't get to see t
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"I expect not, or if so, they buried the results, because the probable outcome to that would have scared too many people. I.e. he shoots his buddy, opens the doors, and lets in his accomplice(s)."
Still no launch, and the loss of a missile or few was an acceptable risk.
When one is prepared to sustain millions of dead in a nuclear exchange, so what if a missile burns in a silo without launching or detonating?
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I would expect that they tested it quite often. That's one of the biggest fears of the military mindset - what if one person blinks?
Just as a guess - they were probably far more worried that one man *wouldn't* launch when told to, rather than would try to launch solo. I think they usually included a massive fudge factor in their missile launch simulations, assuming that x percent of missiles wouldn't launch for whatever reason.
If the one man goes bad and tries to launch scenario had been even a remote issue
Re:co-ed (Score:5, Informative)
Spent 8 years in SAC at ICBM sites on a Combat Targeting Team... we optically aimed the missiles using a theodolite and programmed in the targets and the methods of arriving at the target, as well as the war plans.
If a launch control facility (LCF) did go rogue for some purpose then another LCF would simply "Inhibit" the launch thus preventing it from actually launching. Another safe guard.
Also all members were under the AF 35-7 which was the manual pertaining to human reliability. As an example our team (three man team) had to work together and know each other and if anything seemed to become out of kilter then it was reported for upper staff to review... as an example, one of the guys on my team's wife started talking about leaving him and so he was put on duty in the office until he was evaluated as being "OK".
This was to prevent the stress of a personal relationship of any kind from affecting the work being performed. How often do we hear about someone filing for divorce and the other spouse goes postal... it prevented that kind of thing when dealing from issues of money, family issues, alcohol issues and etc. There was no limit as to what could appear to impact a person and we took it seriously.
Also we each were armed with a side gun to prevent someone from violating the two-man concept spoken about in the article and on some other posts here.
I personally assist in the posturing of missiles at Malmstom, Minot, Whiteman and Grand Forks AFB then was transfered to Vandenburg to assist in launches there.
Each SAC base had a team of experts who evaluated each task that was performed to see that it was completed according to the appropriate technical manual. Also Vandenberg had a special group (3905) that not only evaluated the experts but also the regular staff at all levels again to ensure proficiency and standardization across the various bases.
It was hard work but it was fun too. Sort of like the work we do today.
Re: (Score:2)