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Faster 95

Thanks to Crag Pfeifer for sending a review of James Gleick's Faster. If you've ever felt like life's moving faster then ever, this is worth reading.
Faster: The Acceleration of Just About Everything
author James Gleick
pages 324
publisher Pantheon, 1999
rating 8/10
reviewer Craig Pfeifer (cpfeifer@acm.org,http://www.cpfeifer.org
ISBN 0679408371
summary An observation of some of the causes, symptoms and results of living in an accelerated age.Rating: (8/10)

*

The Scenario

Ever feel that the pace of life today is much faster than 10 or 20 years ago? You're not alone. James Gleick offers us 37 insightful observations of the causes, symptoms and results of living in an accelerated age. Interestingly enough, this book is the victim of the condition it describes: out of the 37 chapters, not one of them is more than 12 pages long (7.36 pages on average).

If you are looking for high theory about the effects of technology on society and culture, shoot for Marshall McLuhan. If you're wondering who flipped the switch 20 years ago to push western society into overdrive, read on.

What's Bad?

Absolutely nothing. The anecdotes hit their mark each time. But don't expect a precise scientific examination of the psycho/sociological effects of technology. Faster is a well-grounded reflection on the current state of society with references to relevant articles and interviews. These reflections do tend to wander slightly off course. For example, you probably didn't expect to receive a history of the major advances in modern elevator technology, in the middle of an explanation of the origin of the 'close door' button.

What's Good?

Gleick's perspective has the clarity of someone looking in the window of the western world, and the intimacy of a fellow participant. Gleick has a gift for expressing technical subjects with such sensitivity, passion and understanding that the topics and people come alive on the page. This is evident in Gleick's other works, Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman most notably. Also, a wonderful bibliography is provided for further reading.

Summary of Selected Chapters:

Pacemaker

"Humanity is now a species with one watch and this is it," explains Gleick on his trip to the National Directorate of Time at the Naval Observatory in northwest Washington, DC. In the first chapter, Gleick takes us on a visit to the global metronome that measures time in units so small they pass before you notice they existed. Here devices track the frequencies of atoms and engage 50 other devices around the world in the same conversation millions of times a day: what time is it? We know that a day is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, 86,400 seconds, but the length of a year changes. To account for the subtle wobble of the earth's axis and gradually slowing spin rate, they add a "leap" second whenever it is neccessary to keep everthing in synch. As time goes on, we will have to add this second more and more often.

The second half of this chapter is an overview of the 36 upcoming vignettes: Technology enables us to process more information than ever before, but it also allows us to produce more information than ever before. "500 channels" at the click of a button on a remote control, 30 different coffees at the corner coffee franchise. "What is true that we are awash in things, information, in news, in the old rubble and shiny new toys of our complex civilization, and -- strange, perhaps -- stuff means speed."

How Many Hours Do You Work?

Juliet Schor calculated that the average American employee spends a full extra month working today compared with similar employees in the 1970's. Based on this, Gleick examines where all of this time went. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, payroll records show a stedy decling in weekly hours over the past four decades. But the research is inconclusive: some studies show that we're working more than ever, others show that working hours actually have decreased steadily since the 1950's. This could be due to the fact that the traditional definition of "work time" is changing. Today more people "work from home," spend more time outside of the office thinking about work, spend more time commuting, and take less vacation time than 20 years ago. Why? Gleick posits that time has become a "negative status symbol." If you have "spare time", you must not be very important. How about lunch next week? Let me check my Palm Pilot/Franklin Planner/leather-bound officious looking object that projects to everyone around me that I'm a very busy person... This week is bad, how about in two weeks? "Overwork equals importance." says Gleick.

Attention Multitaskers!

This chapter (weighing in at a terse 5.5 pages) hits very close to home. One of the biggest contributors to the speed up of life in the western world: multitasking. The simultaneous execution of unrelated activities (flossing and catching up on email) makes us feel more efficient that we shave seconds off of our daily routine, and ensures that we never have to sit idle. New devices have encouraged this habit: cell phones, so we can have meaningful conversations wherever we are, the remote control so we can watch 3 programs all at once, and the ultimate multitasking tool, the computer. Gleick tells us about a Bloomberg employee who is engaged in a phone conversation to a colleague in New York, and simultaneously exchanging e-mail volleys with another colleague in Connecticut. Multitasking is another way we try to do more with our vanishing time, and make sure that every second of our attention is fully utilized.

So What's In It For Me?

The insights are painfully true, and hit home on multiple levels. The French novelist Stendahl said "a novel is a mirror walking down a road." And that is exactly what purpose this books serves; it is a reflection of the collective choices we have made as a society over the past 20 years, for better or worse. Faster doesn't pass judgement about whether the acceleration that has taken place over the past 20 years is a "good thing" or a "bad thing," it simply points them out and presents the context which allowed them to happen.

Purchase this book at ThinkGeek.

Table of Contents

  1. Pacemaker
  2. Life as Type A
  3. The Door Close Button
  4. Your Other Face
  5. Time Goes Standard
  6. The New Accelerators
  7. Seeing in Slow Motion
  8. In Real Time
  9. Lost in Time
  10. On Internet Time
  11. Quick -- Your Opinion?
  12. Decomposition takes time
  13. On Your Mark, Get Set, Think
  14. A Millisecond Here, a Milisecond There
  15. 1,440 Minutes a Day
  16. Sex and Paperwork
  17. Modern Conveniences
  18. Jog More, Read Less
  19. Eat and Run
  20. How Man Hours Do You Work?
  21. 7:15 Tooke Shower
  22. Attention! Multitaskers
  23. Shot-Shot-Shot-Shot
  24. Prest-o! Change-o!
  25. MTV Zooms By
  26. Allegro ma Non Troppo
  27. Can You See it?
  28. High-Pressure Minutes
  29. Time and Motion
  30. The Paradox of Efficiency
  31. 365 Ways to Save Time
  32. The Telephone Lottery
  33. Time is Not Money
  34. Short-Term Memory
  35. The Law of Small Numbers
  36. Bored
  37. The End
  38. Acknowledgements and Notes
  39. Index
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Faster

Comments Filter:
  • why? btw, I also read (and still love) chaos. Got me started in non-linear dynamics ;) Can't wait to read this, his style is addictive. oh yeah, just curious about /.'s add for thinkgeek. Hmmm... don't they realize that real geeks will buy this thing at the cheapest place, (read amazon), not the place that some marketing guy figured, "oh yeah, nerds/geeks/freaks are gonna love shopping at thinkgeek - they'll think it's cool"
  • by Anonymous Coward
    Actually its probably the fact education has improved since the 50's and the environment leans towards education also. However, I think it is a real tragedy that in today's society everyone becomes so extremely specialized. Generalized education is good and gives you a varying perspective and a much richer understanding. Now, I'm not saying the level of education for one's major should be depleted at the expense of a broad liberal arts education, howevever, I think people should spend more time in education. That is, undergraduate should be 6 years with a much broader and deeper liberal art requirement. These are private educational institutions, they can impose whatever tyranical policy they wish. Honestly, we live longer, why shouldn't we be educated longer? We just scheduled classes for next semester at my school, and I was in complete dismay over the number of classes that I will just not have time to take. I mean I really wanted to take classes in linguistics, sociology, art, music, history, theology, and not to mention take more classes in math and physics, but there is no way I could humanly do all of that and still graduate in 4 years. I guess I shouldn't be such a conforming pansy and go on the 6-year plan on my own, tripple-major (computer science, math, biology) and tripple-minor (physics, philosophy, theology) or something :). Social pressure is a bitch, so I'll probably stick to the 4 year plan and try to pull of a double-major (cs, biology) and a double-minor (math, philosophy). But seriously, if I didn't give a fuck about anything else, I would really love to stay in undergrad 6-7 year and then go to grad school and get my doctorate in one field :]. Sure I might be 30 when I finally get out of shcool, but who the hell is in a hurry to go work for the man -- or in any case become the man?
  • by Anonymous Coward
    The fact that we are going to get Book Reviews faster is awesome !! I for one look forward to the increased frequence of the reviews. I know some have called for a slower pace, but those requests usually come from people who read slowly. I am elated to see Slashdot cater to us fast readers.

    thank you
  • Admittedly, I only read the first third of this book, but it was the most boring thing I've read in a long time. It's the same crap you've heard from whiney editorial columnists in newspapers for ages now. "Life is too short now. No one has time to do anything they want to do." Blah, blah, blah ad nauseum.

    I really liked James Gleick's "Chaos" and "Genius", but this book (the first third of it, anyway) seemed to add absolutely nothing new to an already boring one-sided conversation.
  • As if any good music has been created in the last 20 years... =)

    --

  • It's number four of the ten.
    Sigh. So which one is that? Thou shalt not kill? Or is it Thou shalt not covert thy neighbour's ass? Religious nut...
  • First, as one poster has already pointed out, life has been getting "faster" since WWII or even earlier (say the beginning of the industrial age).

    Secondly, I hardly think that shooting small furry animals amount to the important things in life. Sure, kill animals eat the meat and use the rest as you see fit. However, doing it for fun seems wasteful especially since I come from the backwoods where hunting was seen as a way to supplement the diet with meat not as merely as a way to have fun.

    As for the decline in religion, that subject can fill and has filled volumes both from the right, left, religious and non-religious sources. I do not think that is what this book is about.

    I am interested as many of us here are in the resulting effects of technology on culture. However, I think this book does little in terms of drawing well thought out conclusions and merely mouths many already accepted points of view while at the same time adding only a few essays on different scenes we all see every day. Once again, it is the intellectual conceit of telling the reader what they already know to make yourself look insightful.

    The decline in religious activity by the masses is a symptom of the moral decline of society not the cause itself. People miss this point frequently. The idea of morality or good in people has been marginalized to the point that people simply do not see the need to seek guidance for their morality from any religious source. As society grows larger and larger and further away form the individual and more inclusive of more and more divergent groups, the idea of a diety becomes an idea so large and far removed from the lives of the individuals in the society that people cannot relate. This is a symptom once again of the moral decay of a society and not the cause in and of itself.

  • At the turn of the last century,
    people had to deal with electricity, plumbing, cars, radio,
    air planes, store-bought food, store bought clothes,
    motion pictures, the income tax, communism, fascism, etc.
    Machines don't change that fast anymore-
    we still drive similar cars, fly simliar planes,
    watch similar TV to 30-50 years ago.

  • "I put instant coffee in a microwave oven and almost went back in time." - Steven Wright
  • The only downside (if there is one) is that it's all reflection and no solutions.

    The same can be said for Darwin's "Origin of the Species".

    "Faster" sounds like a trend observers journal. Do we want proposed solutions to the process of life? I'm not so sure. I think that a keen observation is enough.

    This way, those folks who are bothered by their ever-accelerating life-style can take steps to slow down. Others might actually get some useful hints on how to work even faster.

    Doing paperwork while having sex?? Who would have thunk? Paper-cuts much be a b!tc# though.

    Hey! Hacking while fscking!! The best of both worlds!
  • Here's more proof (well, OK, you may or may not agree with me here) that the accelerated pace of life today has some very real consequences:

    http://www.freep.com/news/locway/qbaby 15.htm [freep.com]

    Short version: a busy professor leaves his baby in a hot car and it dies.

  • ...the book [amazon.com] about the Clock of the Long Now [longnow.org], which is well worth a read.
  • I find it very difficult to believe that the only thing that is wrong with this book is that the reflections might wander. When I see a review that does not at least supply some constructive criticism, I begin to get suspicious.

    Oh, I do agree that you may have a reason to be suspicious - after all, the owners of /. have a good reason to publish favorable reviews - both /. and ThinkGeek are owned by Andover.net. 90% of the reviews are of books that ThinkGeek carries. I don't think ThinkGeek even sells books that haven't been "reviewed" in Slashdot.

    Wonder why old books get reviewed ? Surprise, ThinkGeek just put it into their selection. Granted, all their books are very good, but still - remember that the reviews are a work of a marketing machine.

    Of course, you don't have to buy your books from ThinkGeek.

  • One of the best parts of that chapter was discussing how elevators were designed to make you not think about the 2-5 seconds you were wasting, Close Door buttons that don't actually work they just give you something to push instead of counting the seconds, or the display of what floor you're on so you can predict how long it will take to get to your stop.

    All in all kinda disturbing.


    Conscience is the inner voice which warns us that someone may be looking.

  • The impression I got was that most of the book he wasn't trying to say it was as much of a problem as it was just a natural effect of human nature. To that end I don't think he was trying to put it in a light that warranted a solution. Just my interpretation though.

    Conscience is the inner voice which warns us that someone may be looking.

  • Part of the problem of the faster age, I think, is people using technology in unnecessary ways. Join a listserv only to delete 99% of the messages, manage a web page that does nothing, design a Shockwave presentation most people will be annoyed by, present that vision statement for something that's already changed.

    We end up using technology for things that really don't matter and end up wasting time. We keep up with things that really don't do anything just to keep up.

    Technology gives us the ability to do important things quicker and better. But we fill the time with new things to do that may not necessarily be worth it.

  • Wonder why old books get reviewed ? Surprise, ThinkGeek just put it into their selection.

    I wrote this review. I'm not affiliated with slashdot or thinkgeek in any financially-beneficial way.

    I'm just a guy who read a book, liked it, and thought that other people in the slashdot community might be interested in it too. No one approached me from slashdot (this site), thinkgeek (the associated sales site) or pantheon (the book's publisher) about writing a review of the book to post on the site. All I did was send mail to Hemos saying that I'd like to write a review of Gleick's Faster. I don't get any portion of the proceeds of the sales.
  • Where does my time go? I've been trying to observe the passage of time with more scrutiny than in the past. I drive the speed limit, and enjoy the view. Since I run early hours (7:00 - 3:45) I rarely get stuck in traffic. However, noticing the travel time makes it last a little longer, and it also proves to be relaxing. I don't tense up when I drive at a reasonable pace. This helps me feel more relaxed as I delve into my daily work. This is a good thing.

    As for the close button on elevators, I don't use them myself. If I can, I'll take the stairs. I used to take it up ~10 stories with ~40 lbs of luggage on my back. It felt good. I was still on time, and there were no worries.

    I slow down other ways. I get plenty of sleep, since it is: a) unavoidable, and b) The only way I can get up at 5:30 am. I don't miss the time I spend dreaming. In fact, I find it worthwhile to get a good night's rest, else I am a grump.

    Still, my weeks fly by. I have been meaning to get back into the martial arts, but that would take up 2 of the 6 hours I am home at night. I am uncertain if I can afford this timewise.

    Also, when all is said and done, I end up working 9 hours a day. Whatever happened to 9-5? To me it seems more like 9-5:45. I couldn't see spending all the hours of sunlight indoors. Nor could I see waiting in rush hour traffic. I'd rather trade sleep to come in early rather than leave late.

    .. Slowness in Pittsburgh.
  • Alvin Toffler said it all 30 years ago in Future Shock [barnesandnoble.com].

    Interestingly enough, he took 561 pages to say it. It takes quite a while to read and digest it. Gleick skims the top, puts in some snappy internet-age anecdotes, and puts it in a book you can read on the flight between Boston and SF. (Implications here should be obvious.)

    For an excellent treatment of possible implications of accelerated culture, check out John Brunner's The Shockwave Rider [barnesandnoble.com].

  • Lunch-time doubly so.

    Hours, minutes, seconds -- all were invented by man for his own convenience. How much of our perceived lack of time is just that -- pure perception? If we decide how to measure it -- if we decide to measure it at all -- do we not also decide that we do not have enough of it?

    It is because They(TM) define the standard unit of time? Perhaps we should be lobbying for Open Source time instead of software?

    (Yes, I'm waxing philosophical. So sue me.)
  • I've read Faster with a lot of expectations -- Gleick has a good reputation and I was (and am) quite interested in the topic. The book disappointed me.

    My main problem with the book is that there are really no interesting ideas in it. The book is basically a semi-coherent collection of time-related stories, observations, interviews. It looks as if Gleick decided to write a book about acceleration of life, went out, collected a lot of material, edited it, put it in a big pile and presented this pile to the readers.

    Nothing hold this book together besides the trivial commonality of subject. There is no main thread running through it, no interesting claims made, no good arguments put forward. The main idea of the book -- that life becomes subjectively faster -- is self-evident and seeing demonstrations of this basic fact over and over again becomes quite tiring quickly.

    I think that I dislike this book because there is no insight in it. It's just a pile of facts and that doesn't quite cut it.

    Kaa
  • There was also a big article about Gleick in Wired several(6?) months ago. He is among other things an amateur pilot, and his son was killed when the two of them went for a flight and the plane went down. Accordingy to the Wired article, it shook him up pretty badly.
  • "Computers are useless. They only give you answers."

    How very very PC. Picasso was truly ahead of his time. I guess figuring out how to cure cancer is "useless". Forget trying to predict hurricanes--it's useless. And what about AI? I think computers have posed some hard questions there.

    Of course, I understand Picasso's point--he was overstating in the first sentence for shock value, then giving the punchline in the second sentence. Unfortunately some people take the overemphasis straight.

    For instance, "[b]ut would you want someone else's solutions?" Let's assume that Gleick and I both think that the phenomena he describes have negative aspects. Why would I not be interested in hearing what he thinks might fix or alleviate this? I don't have to run out and implement his ideas--just take them in and mull them over.
    --
  • "...the point that anything which presents only answers is useless.

    Is that so? Hypothetical example: 3 year-old with cancer. Sure to die. Goes to doctor. Doctor has experimental cure. Child takes pill. All better now.

    The child has been handed an answer he didn't understand. Ask the parents if it was "useless".
    --
  • What's happening is superheating. Water can be heated beyond 100 Centigrade without boiling if it is still enough that there is no specific "hot spot". Under normal heating, this doesn't happen because the flame or element creates hot spots. Microwave ovens heat so evenly that hot spots rarely occur. Once there is an irregularity in the water (like something breaking surface tension), it starts boiling. If the water is too overheated, it starts boiling dangerously.

    It's a case of unstable equilibrium. Imagine a ball on the top of a hill. It is ready to roll, but has no direction to roll in. The slightest disturbance, however, will get it rolling.

    Moral to the story: use less time on your microwave--you don't want the water to be superheated!

  • flossing and catching up on email

    That strikes too close to home. Of course, the reason I do it is because reading my email in the morning is a habit, and I can remember to floss only if I combine flossing and reading email. I don't do it to save time, I do it to actually remember to floss!
    -russ

  • I think Gleick's book is a lighter read and a nice introduction to the concept (plus it also covers the time period of the past twenty years, which have been pretty radical in this regard).

    The Discoverers is much more in-depth, though, and our changing concept of time is just one portion of it. A fascinating book - I'd highly recommend it.
  • by cowboy junkie ( 35926 ) on Monday April 17, 2000 @04:11AM (#1128098) Homepage
    The most important point that Gleick makes in the book is how we've moved from knowing nothing more than what season it is to having a need to use devices such as atomic clocks to mark precisely the passing of tiny fractions of a seconds, and how that increasing need for precision has altered our lives for both good and bad. It's incredible when you start thinking about it how just dividing years, months, days, hours, etc. into more precise segments has had such an amazing effect on human history.
  • Well, actually, I think you are missing Picasso's point -- the point that anything which presents only answers is useless. Real solutions and real knowledge only come from reflection, from the give and take of questions and answers going both ways. Yes, a computer can tell you the sine of 1, but it cannot explain it to you in a way you will understand (unless it has been specifically told how to do so).

    And for the record I wasn't saying that the comment's poster (I don't even remember whoit was, sorry!) was getting it all wrong; I was just reminded of the quote upon initial reading of the comment. Of course we all want to hear other people's solutions. Chances are pretty good (almost 100%, in fact) that any solution to the problems discussed in the book is going to either come from someone who is not me, or someone else is going to contribute a great deal to the solution. Not seeing that is blindness, pure and simple. Well, blindness and a whole lot of egotism.

    darren


    Cthulhu for President! [cthulhu.org]
  • But we are not the three-year-olds in this equation, we are the doctors, or at least we should be. The doctor understands the drug, the researched who discovered the drug understands it. What you are suggesting is more along the lines of: 3-year-old with terminal cancer finds a magic pill on the side of the road, eats it, and gets better. No one knows what the pill was, or where it came from, or how it cured her. Thoughtful analysis of the human condition is not the same as curing a terminal illness (well, some buddhists think it is, but you know what I mean).

    I agree -- a cure for cancer is not useless. I think somewhere along the line we started discussing two different things. Expecting answers from a book, which was written by (effectively) a pundit (as far as I can tell, he is not a licensed metaphysician, a theologian, physicist, or anything like it), is a little like expecting your computer to start spitting out answers to all the important questions. Those answers come from interaction, intelligent reflection on the issues, and a variety of viewpoints, and definitely not from one single source.

    darren


    Cthulhu for President! [cthulhu.org]
  • by dlc ( 41988 ) <dlc.sevenroot@org> on Monday April 17, 2000 @03:49AM (#1128101) Homepage

    Your comment reminded me of one of my favorite quotes, from Picasso: "Computers are useless. They only give you answers."

    • The only downside (if there is one) is that it's all reflection and no solutions>

    But would you want someone else's solutions? I think the author's point is, "Here's some stuff I've noticed." You need to take it from there, and create your own solutions.

    Personally, I'd like to see more books like this. Isn't this the kind of thing that makes for really good standup comedians? Observations? Why did so many people like Seinfeld, a self-proclaimed "show about nothing"? Because it was all observation and reflection, albeit with a humorous bent.

    I definitely think I'm going to grab this book, it sounds like a great read.

    darren


    Cthulhu for President! [cthulhu.org]
  • One thing that used to annoy me was, when a american friend of mine told me he liked Paris because it was so relaxed. And for many of us, french (who can't spell correct english) it is the most stressed place in France.

    Since, I have traveled a bit, and it seems time does not flow at the same speed in different places. On the internet it goes an other way. Time goes much faster there. So when you switch from places to places you seem out of synch with the locals, except those who spend much of their time online.
  • Not so amazing. In, The Discoverers : A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himself [barnesandnoble.com] , Daniel Boorstin pointed this out years ago.
  • Hmmm... don't they realize that real geeks will buy this thing at the cheapest place, (read amazon)
    Many "real geeks" are boycotting Amazon because they are abusers of the patent system.
  • ...this chapter alone is worth the price of the book. It's both hilarious and disturbingly insightful. (The title is a play off of the closing sentences of the previous chapter.)
  • Is that the same as the movie Future Shock they showed us back in 7th grade where a man and woman are getting married except the guy's in the dress? Oh wait, no that was an Aerosmith video. Sorry.

    The Divine Creatrix in a Mortal Shell that stays Crunchy in Milk
  • Tell me again how old "fish heads" is?

    This song has it all:
    Catchy tune, simple lyrics, and every red-blooded American who is older than 23 knows the chorus by heart.

    And You said there's been no good music in the last 20 years.

    And how could you possibly overlook the prophetic genius in Wierd Al Yankovic's clappy tune, "First I was a Hippie, then I was a Stock Broker, Now I am a Hippie Again"
    How many people will be singing THAT in June?

    But it frankly scares the crap out of me that someone may actually believe that I _AM_ trying to make an honest counter-argument.
  • This article kind of makes it sound like living in the modern age is a disease.
  • by toh ( 64283 )
    >Is that really true that the "Close Door" button on elevators was not
    >always there but added on? When was this added to our everyday
    >elevators? This really does say something about us if we feel that
    >those 2 seconds we just saved by closing the elevator door a hair
    >faster really affected our time management. LOL! :)

    My condo elevators have "close" buttons, and they do work. I've also seen the kind that are mere placebos (or perhaps trigger a timer).
    I tend to slyly observe people in situations like elevator rides, and I think I can say that for a lot of people it's not about
    impatience, but about control. An elevator ride is already a somewhat uncomfortable situation for many people, and pressing the button (however impotently) feels better than waiting for
    the doors to close at their own machine whim. When I'm not in my little tower condo I work as a sysadmin, and I'd venture to say the observation extends to a lot of other places where people have to wait on technology, especially technology they don't (and increasingly, can't hope to) understand. For my part, I rarely ride the elevators anyway, and I feel that time passes slower and qualitatively better when I take the stairs (even though the time invested averages about the same).
  • I read the book and enjoyed a very good read, but in the end I did not see any thing bad about the up of things as important.

    Some times you need to get as much out of your time as you can. Other times you can simply run away. I know several people in thier 50's who walked away from the thier high stress jobs and moved out to the contry and simply enjoy life on a slower pace. I myself am choosing to get into a more time intensive job (and therefore life) to earn the money so I can get away and truly enjoy life.
  • by dsplat ( 73054 ) on Monday April 17, 2000 @04:27AM (#1128111)
    Alvin Toffler wrote about this idea several decades ago in Future Shock [fatbrain.com]. He talked about the accelerating pace of our lives. He pointed out that past generations had seen a rate of change that could be ignored, or in the first half of this century slowly adapted to. That is obviously no longer the case. He spoke of obsolescent knowledge. It seems clear to me (although I haven't read it yet) that Faster explores those ideas with the perspective that several decades of living with constant change has brought.

    Our rate of change carries with it twin dangers, the Scylla and Charibdis of our age. Merely to keep up, one must be an unrepentant neophile. And yet, we cannot blindly accept all that is new as a boon. I don't believe that we can keep new ideas from being distributed, nor would I approve of doing it. We need to constantly consider the consequences they may bring and prepare ourselves for them.
  • Definitly one of your best ones..

    May I suggest 'The Boxer' (Simon and Garfunkel, from 'Bridge over Troubled Water') as a mutational targer into 'The Poster'??
  • _Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem Of His Time_ by Dava Sobel (New York: Penguin, 1995), 185pp. Click here to get it. [powells.com]

    _Longitude_ is an excellent book about John Harrison, the inventor of a seagoing clock and basically father of the pocketwatch. The need for accurate timekeeping was central to the problem of measuring longitude.

    Eric Nystrom
  • I think it's time that people took a break from the rat race and pressures of society, in order to concentrate on the important things in life.

    Like what... shooting cats ?!

    I do not think that rising violent crime has anything to do with the fact that kids don't get the opportunity to cause pain in creatures when feeling frustrated. sheeesh.

    Hey I won't mark you post "flamebait" or "troll" just poorly thought out.
  • Is there anything to this book besides "Well duh! Life is different now and here are the anecdotes to prove it"? Is there any useful content besides telling us what we already know?

    I don't feel like reading books that are simply commiseration over something that is common knowledge.
  • Even if the pace of life is accelerating now, it has been for quite a few years. Probably since WW2. Alvin Toeffler covered this in the early 70's with "Future Shock". It still is a cause for concern though. But since I've seen so much material on this subject already I don't think I'll waste my time with this book.
  • But I HATE paperwork!

    I HATE those papercuts!


    --

  • We interviewed Jim Gleick last December. Here is that RealAudio [digitalvillage.org] interview if the Fresh Air one isn't enough for you. Alas, I don't recall any talk about plane crashes though. db
  • We've gotten very, very good at going faster. The next step is to get where we want to go very fast, then stop.

    Empty, harried multitasking can certainly reduce quality of life. One great problem is that it fosters a sense that one always has to be doing something, that relaxation and mindfulness in everyday activities is decadent. Humans were not built for constant stress and mental occupation, though, and a shame-driven call to utilize every moment can lead to dangerous levels of stress. Physical health becomes frankly involved when one applies this ethic to sleep, as Americans (myself included) often do. Sleep debt [stanford.edu] is not only dangerous, it can impair memory and alertness to the detriment of the very things we skimp on sleep to accomplish!
    Another unfortunate outgrowth of our ever-bustling society is the feeling that simple things are no longer worth doing well. Too many people live on fast food, have cheap and shallow relationships, and neglect to exercise, read, or think because there is always so much work to do, so many places to shop, so much web to browse. After a certain point, quantity is a poor replacement for quality.
    So Gleick is doing a valuable service in pointing out how driven we've become. However, we must not take his reaction too far. I maintain that the technological genie is out of the bottle, that we don't even want it to go back, and that the only solution is to become intelligent and well-informed information consumers. Because all the negative things that technology does have positive counterparts.
    If one is properly discriminating, multitasking doesn't necessarily mean important tasks will suffer -- it simply requires the discipline to recognize them. I was opening my mail while reading /., but when I thought I had something to say about Faster I put it down and gave the computer my whole attention. Here, the ability to do many things at once helped me find the one thing I wanted to do right.
    Similarly, the modern profusion of books, magazines, journals, websites, television programs, experts, expert systems, entertainers, celebrities, commercials, politicians, fortune cookies, religious leaders, and weatherpeople who want to tell us what to think can lead to an endless, indiscriminate information grazing which doesn't really enrich or enlighten. The ease of pulling up a page on the Ames test for carcinogens [ultranet.com] allows thousands of recreational browsers to waste their time, feeling like they're learning something useful... but for a few biologists, it may be just the right information, at just the right time.
    Technology is only dangerous if we try to adapt ourselves to it. Just because we can live lives divisible in nanoseconds doesn't mean we have to.

    - Michael Cohn

    The bad do bad because the bad is rewarded. The good do good because the good is rewarded.
  • As I was reading the review, I was thinking of how society has been increasing all of the bad things (stress, sickness, depression, crime), yet delaying some of the better things in life.

    Trying to make adolescents abstain/wait from sex.

    Eat slower and eat less

    Prolong sickness/death even when 'its over'

    more work = less sleep (i love sleep)

    Wait longer in line

    And of course, these pressures of society often cause rebellion, such as more obesity, teenage sex/pregnancy, smoking, and others. This inversion is causing more problems than began with.

    My personal belief is that as more and more parents are not taking care of their child as they should be (working mothers, one-parent families, day-care, etc.), children are being weened earlier, and grow complexes and fixations.

    The World War II era is the time where many women went to work, and stayed there after the war's end. They also bred many baby[-boomers]. This is now the generation that is causing such psychotic behavior, because of fixations that many did not get over. There's a huge anal-retentive generation there, and it's still being passed on down. Now everyone is going crazy...

    Mike Roberto (roberto@soul.apk.net [mailto]) - AOL IM: MicroBerto

  • by GreyyGuy ( 91753 ) on Monday April 17, 2000 @03:16AM (#1128121)
    The chapter's name is Sex and Paperwork? You have to fill out a form now? But I HATE paperwork! ::sigh::
  • I was really looking forward to Faster. I'm a huge fan of Chaos, but Faster doesn't quite cut it. The book is far too long, and after the first half I felt like shouting "okay James, I get it"....Gleick offers no solutions, or even opinions, and an entire book of discursive examples is pretty dull. This book would have made a great essay, but the fact that life is accelerating due to the advent of modern technology is obvious, and doesn't merit a whole book of examples. A debate about the merits of this "faster" society would have been nice, but all we see here is an a book basically saying "life is getting faster you know!"...big deal, I could have told you that for free. If you're expecting any sort of insight into an accelerating society, then look elsewhere. Disappointing.
  • It should be noted, (though I haven't finished the books so I could summarize their content) that he's also got out "The Third Wave" and "Power Drift" (I think are the correct names), one spaced 10 years after Future, the other 20 years after.
  • One of the main reasons why we develop technology is to save time and effort. Unfortunately there's not a lot of evidence that that's what happens. It used to be, for example, that if you were writing a report for your boss it had to come typed. Now it has to come word processed and custom formatted with 3-d color charts and a matching Powerpoint presentation.

    I recall hearing from one of my professors about a study in which the time spent on housework in the 1970s(?) was compared to similar figures from the 1920s. You'd figure the vacuum, washing machine, dishwasher, etc. would have made life easier, right? Actually, they spent more time doing housework because the standards were higher: doing laundry everyday, vacuuming shaggy installed carpeting, that kind of thing. No wonder we have no time: we strive to make our lives look better, rather than be better.

  • I guess I kind of was hoping for the author's opinion as to the solution, but he didn't have any.
    Not particularly surprising that he has no solution. One solution was proposed several thousand years ago. It's in a list of ten simple structures for making life easier. It's number four of the ten. You fortunately won't find it posted on the walls of any Government Indoctrination Centers (yet; the authoritarian right wants this to happen). But some very wise people have tried this solution over the last three or four millenia and have found it works for them. It may not work for you, but then, have you tried it?
  • I loved Gleick's other book Chaos.

    Here's one of my favorite quotes from Gleick's Chaos:

    ...twentieth-century science will be remembered for three things: relativity, quantum mechanics, and chaos. Chaos, they contend, has become the century's third great revolution in the physical sciences.
    Go Chaos Theory!!

    One things that creeps me out in this book is how he refers to a lot of people in past tense, as though they were dead. I know some of these people, and it seems like he is refering to them as being dead! They aren't dead yet.

    -
  • I haven't read the book yet, (but I plan to purchase it on my next book buying run) but I've been increasingly concerned about what I see as a general decay of knowledge in society.

    As things get faster, are more people being left behind? OK, 100 years ago most people didn't finish high school, let alone take calculus in high school, but I'll bet most of them could handle small math problems in their head. Several times now, I've thought I've seen every oddity concening store clerks and their increasing inability to make simple change. (The latest: cashier has to give the money to the manager to make change which is handed back to the cashier who hands it to me --- I kid you not!)

    I have read reports which claim that over the last generation (about 30 years) people read less, and our vocabularies(?) have, like, dropped(?) significantly enough to affect word usage (i.e., words are changing meaning through misuse).

    I've been calling it the "New Dark Ages".

  • I read this book (having been a fan since "Chaos" in my high school days) - and it's a great commentary and reflection on our society and how we demand more, faster, and don't notice it.

    The only downside (if there is one) is that it's all reflection and no solutions. I think the review tried to suggest this, but didn't quite pull it off. After reading about 20 chapters of ludicrous human behavior, (How many of us keep hitting the close door button on an elevator praying it might work quicker if we hit it more) - I guess I kind of was hoping for the author's opinion as to the solution, but he didn't have any. You get done with the book feeling the changes in society are permanent. And barring economic disaster, maybe they are.

    Otherwise, it was a great book - I really recommend this one myself

  • Have you ever gone slow for even a part of the day? This whole faster thing has been on my mind just this last week. I was thinking to my self of when was the last time I just layed in the grass and watched the clouds for a afternoon? I think I am moving to Montana soon.

  • I thought it was about harvesting spaghetti on the spaghetti ranch.

  • Actually it's Power Shift. I've only read The Third Wave, but I plan to read the others (when I get time ;)

    The Third Wave, even after 20 years, is a great book, mostly for the way it elucidates the way the changes we've seen in our lifetimes are not just a new trend. Toffler sees this as the "third wave" of civilization, with the first being the rise of agriculture and settlement, and the second being the Industrial Revolution. His predictions about what the third wave will be about haven't all panned out (he predicted undersea settlement), but his most valuable insight (to me, at least) is the idea that this new age we're in is separate from and will gradually replace the Industrial Revolution. Toffler's analysis of how the Industrial Revolution changed the world, through centralization of power/control, standardization, credentialism replacing apprenticeship, synchronization of our daily lives (think rush hour) is right on the mark. I think his hypothesis that all these things must soon change is true also, although the power structures of the Industrial Age are reluctant to let go. It will be interesting to see what replaces these industrial age dinosaurs:

    • Standardized Public Schools
    • Exclusive Universities
    • Synchronized Workdays (Ok, this is changing)
    • Concentrated "downtown" business centers
    • Centralized government power
  • I don't know how many times I've burned the popcorn because I couldn't just wait four minutes to listen for when it stops popping. I'll always try to find something to do for three minutes, and then I'll come back to the popcorn just in time to stop it. Of course about a third of the time I get distracted and forget to turn off the popcorn. As bad as burnt popcorn smells, you'd think I'd have learned by now, but I just can't stand the thought of wasting three minutes!
  • I think the problems you describe aren't a symptom of the new "faster" society, but the fact that our society is in transition from the Industrial Age to whatever we end up calling this new world we're now steppping into. Older people often talk about the 50's or the 40's as a good time, without all these problems you mention. I don't think it's because people were better then, but that society was more constant. That was the peak of the Industrial Age, and everyone understood how the world worked. Kids knew what was and wasn't morally acceptable. They knew when they were ready to get married. Young people knew the path to success was hard work and education. Workers knew to be loyal to their employers. Government knew how to control and manage the economy. I could go on.

    We're probably smarter and better informed today, but as a society we don't know the things that affect our lives the way earlier people did because they cannot be determined in this age of transition. Our technology has given us more choices and we just haven't come to a consensus about things yet.

    We may never again have a time of slow change like our grandparents had, but in another 20 or 30 years, we will have figured out better ways of dealing with constant change. I think younger people today are more comfortable with the fast pace of change than older generations. The fact that Gen Y are still teenagers makes them appear to have more problems, but teenagers always have problems. If you look at Gen X, I think you see a lot of young professionals who are comfortable with our technology and the pace of change. A lot of Gen Xers are waiting to have families, wishing not to repeat the mistakes of their parents.

    I think in 20 years things won't seem so crazy, they'll just seem "normal". And I'm hoping the internet will eliminate waiting in line.

  • My slice on this one is that technology has reduced massively the amount of time spent doing work.

    Unfortunately instead of distributing this "leisure time" evenly amongst the population it has tended to polarise.

    In heavily technology focussed countries ( I take the UK as my example) the manufacturing base and agriculture that employed most people has reduced the number of employees. Thus saving humanity loads of time - that of the manual workers laid off. Unfortunately those that manage the technology now have more work to do. So instead of providing more "leisure time" for all it has oversaturated in some people at the cost of others.

    Humanity needs to reconsider this distribution of time. In monetary terms the poor are getting poorer and the rich are getting richer but time seems to distribute in the opposite direction for the many.

    We need to re-distribute the workload not the wealth!

    .oO0Oo.
  • I got this book when it came out and was very disappointed. It lacks any worthwhile structure and doesn't compare at all well with Chaos and Genius, also by Gleick.

    Whereas Chaos excellently followed the growth of a science and Genius was a biography this is merely a loose collection of reasonable asides about time. I found "Longitude" (?) and "The Code Book" (Singh) which I read at the same time to be far better.

    A real shame because I've always really enjoyed Gleick's other stuff. Chaos was the book that inspired me to take up computer programming so I have him to thank for that.

  • This reminds me.

    When my kettle broke, and up till I picked up a new one, I used my microwave to boil mugs of water. It was significantly faster. However, the boiling water behaved in a slightly odd way. As soon as I put anything in it (like a tea-bag or powdered soup) it would fizz, even when it had stopped bubbling. The same thing never happened with my kettle. Try it with your microwave, or better still, try to tell me what was going on because I have no idea.
  • Says it all really - but I reckon you really should have been moderated up by now.

  • LMAO! Very funny. TM your songs have improved much over the last few weeks. Although you seem to be stuck in the late 60's and early 70's, Your showing your age a little.
  • you have to also realize, with this prior comment in mind, that the internet and tv, along with other mulitmedia things, allows for MORE access to these things. 40 years in the past, your common teen would be thinking of that paper route, that bike ride, playing in the woods or something, BUT with so much exposure to senseless violence, adultary, drug use, etc that kids SEE and HEAR more about the "bad" aspects of life then EVER in human history, maybe when commenting on the bad aspects of children's lives in the present you should glance towards the media venues for one of your scapegoats, it isn't any teens fault that as soon as they turn on the "idiot box" (tv) that they see these things, sensory exposure leads to experimentation which leads to addiction, which leads to "another bad kid" Reform the media you reform society, reform how our policing bodies handle themselves and you clean the streets, target the true criminals before you eek out that little bad from your not so bad person and look for the causes.
  • I think it only proves that Picasso knew shit about computers.

    If you know of a computer that gives you ANSWERS, please letme know. I certainly want one!

    In my experience, on the contrary, if you want to program you need a very thorough understanding of the problem.

    In fact, one of the best ways to be sure you know some subjet well, is to try to program it.
    The other is to teach it.

    I understand what PicassoTRIED to say, but his exemple is a very bad one.

  • Gee...I want to go to your church on Sunday.
    Is that the First Reformed Church of Abusing Small Animals? Or is it the Unified Temple of Feline and Canine Pummeling?

    Oh...and those activities are not thoughtcrime dear friend...they're just plain old--and mean spirited---regular crime.

    Guess I'm just a Yankee sissy for venting all my frustration by pounding a baseball, racing my brother on our bikes, or hacking nasty Orcs in the virtual realms of pencil, paper, and our collective imaginations.

    The evolved adapt and utilize the delights of technology while retaining kindness and thoughtfulness. Decrying the pace and development of society while simultaneously clinging to some ethic of fear of godhead and the romance of subsistence agriculture is merely luddite brutism.

    And stay away from my rock garden. And my dogs.
  • Hello Slashdot my old friend.
    I've come to program you again.
    because a haxor softly creeping,
    guessed my password while I was sleeping.
    And the flames
    with just remnants in my brain,
    don't remain,
    upon the threads... of Slashdot.

    In flick'ring lights I type along.
    Submit my post, what was wrong?
    Letters haloed by my squinting,
    at the flame that I was typing.
    For my eyes were blurred
    by the flash of the cathode beam,
    term'nal screen,
    and all the trolls... on Slashdot.

    And in the fuzzy light I saw
    10,000 zealots, maybe more:
    Zealots reading blinking,
    Zealots flaming without thinking.
    Zealots modding posts
    that karma never shared.
    (No one dared,
    disturb the Perl... of Slashdot)

    "Fools," said I, "you do not know.
    Honest opinion makes the karma grow.
    They post the rules so that I might read them.
    Meta mod 'cause we ignore them."
    But my words
    like unread printout fell,
    (Oh well...)
    An echo,
    On the threads... of Slashdot.
  • Hrmm, I need to use my minutes more efficiently...
    If it takes 4 mins to microwave a pizza, maybe I should switch to a burrito, at 2 mins...
    1,440 1,436 1,438
    1,440 1,440 1,440
    100% 99.7% 99.9%

    Look at all of the time I could save!
    .2% of my day...

    It all adds up.

  • I find it very difficult to believe that the only thing that is wrong with this book is that the reflections might wander. When I see a review that does not at least supply some constructive criticism, I begin to get suspicious.

    Is there anywhere we could get a second opinion on this?

  • "Practically speaking, if timesaving devices really saved time, there would be more time available to us now than ever before in history. But, strangely enough, we seem to have less time than even a few years ago. It's really great fun to go someplace where there are no timesaving devices because, when you do, you find that you have *lots of time*. Elsewhere, you're too busy working to pay for machines to save you time so you won't have to work so hard."

    -Benjamin Hoff
  • "Civilization advances by extending the number
    of important operations which we can perform
    without thinking about them."

    --Alfred North Whitehead,
    An Introduction to Mathematics
  • Perhaps he left that for a sequel - 'Slower' ;-)

  • Well, why buy the book at all? Just go down to your local library, and borrow it for free! Read it, return it, and when you want to read it again, borrow it again! All for nothing! Libraries are also a good place to find books that have been out of print for a while, too.

    With e-commerce sites like Amazon.com, FatBrain, and ThinkGeek, book-buying appears to have become rather "hip" lately. What if you buy the book and end up hating it, despite a good review? Returning it isn't always an option.

    The only problem I can see with this is that, in order to insure brisk sales, some publishers may not allow libraries to stock new books until they've been on sale for a certain amount of time. Also, some libraries may have a really long process to go through before deciding to buy new books. I also find that my library is really bad about computer reference books. They're great, though, if you want to learn about Excel 4 for Windows 3.1.

    But for general works of nonfiction like this, and fiction too, don't forget about your local library. If you hate Amazon, this is the best way to stick it to them!

  • I started reading Hemos' review prepared to argue: faster machines don't make as much difference as faster brains & people. Looks like Gleick appears to already agree with me. Spoils a good argument. I'll make it anyway because my desktop is busy processing log files. Argument: more information doesn't speed up the pce of life, because available info has far outstripped available mental resources for a long time. Question: when was the last time anyone could be a true 'renaissance man (or woman' and have a handle on everthing going on in science, politics, economics, etc? Answer: the renaissance. Even in the 1950's nobody could really keep up with everything going on around them. The speed of life is determined by the speed at which people are able to, and are willing to process info and make decisions. The speed of life picks up when more and more people are willing to work longer hours, multi-task, multi-think, multi-multi. So why are things faster now? because culture has changed, and because the avg IQ of the population has been increasing steadily over the years. No one knows why. Probably IQ is increased by a generally stimulating environment more than by formal schooling, which hasn't improved much.
  • What is particularly ironic is that, at one time, humans cared very much about the season, phase of the moon, and time of year, because we had to, because we were farmers. Now we can know the time of day to arbitrary precision, any time we want to, but how many of you know what phase the moon is in right now, or what time the sun rises?
    Or, for the ones that really never get out, what season is it? :-)


  • Geez. Humanity is at war with the corporations and nobody seems to realize it.

    Has anybody else noticed how corporations are like very early life forms? They grow and eat and reproduce, and display many of the same characteristics that cell cultures do. (And cell cultures just eat and grow and eat until the petri dish is dry and crusty.)

    Like the cells in the human body which live and work and die tirelessly so that we humans can all lumber around our daily lives and watch bad television. . . I think that's what people are becoming in corporations, which push and push to get the maximum efficiency and minimum trouble out of their human building blocks.

    When I grow up, I want to be a disease that kills big, lumbering life forms.

    -Garund


    If you're not an anarchist, you're a sleeper.

  • The faster you move,
    the slower time passes,
    the longer you live.
  • Humans are doomed to a sensation of accelerating time. For a 10 year old, a single year represents a full tenth of his life. For that same human 40 years later, a year represents a more slight 50th of his life. Perform this calculation with any unit of time and the trend would seem to be that time appears to accelerate with length of life, even if nothing else changes. It's just math.
  • An AC posted a comment about hearing Gleick on Fresh Air. That's the same interview that hooked me.

    Follow this link [whyy.org] to hear the interview in Real Audio format. Gleick talks about the book and Terry Gross tries to pry into his life and a plane accident that almost killed him. It's a good interview.

    The Gleick interview is towards the end of the show.
  • >> I think I am moving to Montana soon.

    ...gonna be a dental floss tycoon? Gotta supply those early morning emailers. :)

  • "Moving to Montana soon" is a song by Frank Zappa. The main lyric goes "moving to Montana soon, gonna be a dental floss tycoon."

    As the man said, its funny. Laugh.

  • Hate to say it, but really, I don't think anyone even has a clue as to an answer.

    We keep seeing people point out the problems in the world, but no one seems to be coming up with any alternative answers (Eg., DC this weekend).

  • Kinda like buying a P!!! 733 over a P!!!700, eh?
  • I do more coke so I can work more hours so I can make more money so I can do more coke. -Nev
  • I do more coke so I can work more hours so I can make more money so I can do more coke.

    -Nev

  • I think the protestations in DC this weekend hit on one source of the problem: increased connectivity is not *always* for the better. At some point, performance degrades with more connectivity. Read "Out of Control" on that.
  • For the other end of the spectrum the book "Your Money or Your Life" by Dominguez and Robin could be called Slower.. it is about slowing down and de-stressing, living on less and having more time to do something other than earn money. (Unless your stock options are still doing well?) Not so much a solution as an alternate viewpoint.
  • I agree that people are WAY impatient.
    Is that really true that the "Close Door" button on elevators was not always there but added on? When was this added to our everyday elevators? This really does say something about us if we feel that those 2 seconds we just saved by closing the elevator door a hair faster really affected our time management. LOL! :)

    <3 Kat ^_^
  • Since most people feel that they work harder now than corresponding people in the past, it is not surprising that Gleick should bring up the statistic that the average work week is longer now than it was in the 1970s. But a more interesting statistic to me is that our average work week now is actually shorter (by 8-10 hours) than what it was in the 1900s. Sadly, I don't remember the reference on this, but it was something reputable.
  • I happen to think that the "acceleration of just about everything" thesis is wrong, or at least heavily overstated. Things probably are getting faster, but not compared to the rates of change of industrialization, as ACK! points out.

    I actually wrote a review of Faster for the Village Voice a few months ago that made this argument -- here's a quote from the piece:

    Is there something uniquely compressed about late-twentieth century time, compared to earlier periods? Certainly our eyes have acclimated to more cuts-per-second, and our multitasking skills have never been sharper. In absolute terms, no one doubts that the age of the nanosecond is faster than the age of the town clock or the Taylorite stopwatch. But as a force weighing upon lived experience, it's conceivable that earlier accelerations were more dizzying for the people living through them. ... the switch from the task-based time of agrarian culture to the automated, abstract clock-time of industrialization (wonderfully described in E.P. Thompson's classic essay, ''Time and Work Discipline'') was powerfully felt by everyone living through it, laborers and landed gentry alike.

    Granted, shoveling coal in a Manchester factory was still slower than watching the ''Ray Of Light'' video, but the *rate* of change was far more severe in the early nineteenth-century, when the majority of the population still had a trace memory of rural life. And in terms of physical motion -- bodies hurtling through the air at an ever faster clip, in trains, plains, and automobile -- the great leap forward really wound down in the first half of this century. Indeed, you can make the case that our transportation options have grown slower over the past few decades. (As Gleick himself points out, the Concorde was a failure, and the traffic has never been worse.) In recent years, the rise of the Web has resulted in a cooling down of our media experiences as well, with consumers moving from the syncopated image parades of television to the web's sluggish download times and text-based formatting. Even the sports currently in vogue right now-- baseball, golf, soccer -- drift along at a slower pace, some of them with no clock at all...

Reality must take precedence over public relations, for Mother Nature cannot be fooled. -- R.P. Feynman

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