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United Kingdom Power

Rolls Royce Plans 16 Mini-Nuclear Plants For UK (bbc.com) 213

A consortium led by Rolls Royce has announced plans to build up to 16 mini-nuclear plants in the UK. The BBC reports: It says the project will create 6,000 new jobs in the Midlands and the North of England over the next five years. The prime minister is understood to be poised to announce at least 200 million pounds for the project as part of a long-delayed green plan for economic recovery. Rolls argues that as well as producing low-carbon electricity, the concept could become a new export industry.

The company's UK "small modular reactor" (SMR) group includes the National Nuclear Laboratory and the building company Laing O'Rourke. The government says new nuclear is essential if the UK is to meet its target of reaching net zero emissions by 2050 -- where any carbon released is balanced out by an equivalent amount absorbed from the atmosphere. But there is a nuclear-sized hole opening up in the energy network. Six of the UK's seven nuclear reactor sites are due to go offline by 2030 and the remaining one, Sizewell B, is due to be decommissioned in 2035. Together they account for around 20% of the country's electricity.

Each plant would produce 440 megawatts of electricity -- roughly enough to power Sheffield -- and the hope is that, once the first few have been made, they will cost around 2 billion pounds each. The consortium says the first of these modular plants could be up and running in 10 years, after that it will be able to build and install two a year. By comparison, the much larger nuclear plant being built at Hinkley Point in Somerset is expect to cost some 22 billion pounds but will produce more than 3 gigawatts of electricity -- over six times as much.

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Rolls Royce Plans 16 Mini-Nuclear Plants For UK

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  • by blindseer ( 891256 ) <blindseer@@@earthlink...net> on Wednesday November 11, 2020 @11:03PM (#60714320)

    From the fine article:

    The price per unit of electricity may be higher than with wind or solar, said the clean energy consultant Michael Liebreich, but nuclear delivers power pretty much 24/7 and therefore can command a premium.

    Indeed, nuclear power costs more than wind and solar but because it is far more reliable it can demand a higher price.

    There's claims of wind and solar being cheaper than nuclear power, and I can imagine on paper that's indisputable. What happens though if there's a long lull in the wind? What of a long term cloudy period over your solar panels?

    I'll have people bring up how nuclear power cannot match shifting demand thus making it less valuable. That's true. What happens though if nuclear power is paired with some electrical energy storage? You know, the same kind that's supposed to make wind and solar power more reliable? What happens is that nuclear power becomes even more valuable.

    Then comes the mention of a nuclear power plant needing to shutdown for a week every year to do a refuel and inspection. Indeed, that does happen. What does not have to happen is all nuclear power reactors being shutdown at the same time. Do all solar power plants shut down at the same time? Unless you have a grid that spans halfway around the world then they do have to shutdown at the same time.

    The UK recognizes the need for nuclear power to lower CO2 emissions, have a reliable electrical grid, and achieve greater energy independence. I expect other nations to come to this realization as well.

    • I'll have people bring up how nuclear power cannot match shifting demand thus making it less valuable. That's true. What happens though if nuclear power is paired with some electrical energy storage? You know, the same kind that's supposed to make wind and solar power more reliable? What happens is that nuclear power becomes even more valuable.

      You mean even more expensive, and even less able to compete with wind and solar?

      • by mccalli ( 323026 )
        No, they definitely mean valuable. Paying for backup power might cost more, but it has the value of certainty.

        I'm not up enough on the economics to really know, but a mixed grid solution seems completely feasible and realistic to me as does needing to pay a bit more for the reliability option. I agree solar and storage look the best way forward in general, but nothing wrong with a spot of insurance.
    • by Barsteward ( 969998 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @05:07AM (#60714816)
      You can bet the £2B cost for each site is way under the actual final price. Hinkley C is already £3B over budget. Why should the UK tax payer pay higher prices to subsidise nuclear when there are cheaper and safer solutions to be had?

      "What happens though if there's a long lull in the wind? What of a long term cloudy period over your solar panels?" still plugging this desperate claim? why not ask stupid questions "What if it gets so hot all the nuclear stations have to close down because they can longer cool themselves?" or "What if they can't get any water to all the nuclear stations due to drought etc and have to close down because they cannot cool themselves?"
      • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

        by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

        This is looking pretty suspicious now. Three energy stories in one day, blindseer posts a lengthy comment a minute after they go live supporting nuclear power. His posts are instantly modded +1. Just in time to start influencing people to lobby the new administration that seems likely to invest in renewables.

        There's some pretty obvious shilling going on today. The only reasonable explanation for this is that blindseer submits the stories, prepares his comments in advance and then posts them the moment they

        • The only reasonable explanation for this is that blindseer submits the stories, prepares his comments in advance and then posts them the moment they go live.

          Or, it's possible that Blindseer suffers from insomnia and so spends far too much time surfing the internet instead of sleeping. It's possible that there's a lot of energy stories being posted to Slashdot because there's been a number of advancements, the industry is seeking attention during a hotly contested election, and therefore wants as much good PR as possible so as to be in the minds of newly elected politicians as they take office in January. It's possible that Blindseer sees nuclear power (as wel

          • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

            Well let's see. The one about liquid air storage is a dupe, *I* posted a story about it ages ago: https://hardware.slashdot.org/... [slashdot.org]

            The nuclear thing is just a press release and a relatively small spaff by the government, not really worth talking about since the first operational one is at least a decade away. The Occidental is the only relevant one and in that you are shilling for synthetic fossil fuels for some reason.

    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      This is basically welfare for Rolls Royce. The downturn in the aviation market has really hurt them, people aren't buying aircraft engines and aren't doing so much maintenance on mothballed aircraft.

      The government can't simply give them money but they can funnel lucrative contracts and subsidies for "green" energy to them.

      Do you just wait energy stories to be posted, madly hammering F5 all day, because somehow you always seem to get first post? You ask what would happen if nuclear was paired with storage, s

    • What happens though if there's a long lull in the wind?
      The article is about the UK.
      Seriously? How stupid are you?
      (*facepalm*)
      (*shaehead*)

    • They already have. Northern Europe is building a number of new reactors. So is Canada, Russia, India, and even China is talking about it again. Only far lefties without a science background, or simply lack logic, are opposing what occurs anyways.
    • > because it is far more reliable it can demand a higher price

      The exact opposite is true. And easily verified:

      http://www.ieso.ca/Power-Data

      This is for my home in Ontario, but I'm sure you can find a similar graph for your area. As you can see, that 24-hour power is worth zero cents/kWh. That's actually a good price, it often goes negative in spring and fall. In contrast, as you can see, the peak power is worth 20 cents.

      > What happens though if nuclear power is paired with some electrical energy storag

  • Hasn't been much positive news this year so it's nice to hear about a project that will advance the economy and also benefit the environment. I hope this is a success and SMRs gain global popularity.
  • Math (Score:5, Insightful)

    by bobm ( 53783 ) on Wednesday November 11, 2020 @11:22PM (#60714370)

    From the article:
    Each plant would produce 440 megawatts of electricity -- Each plant would produce 440 megawatts of electricity -- roughly enough to power Sheffield -- and the hope is that, once the first few have been made, they will cost around 2 billion pounds each. The consortium says the first of these modular plants could be up and running in 10 years, after that it will be able to build and install two a year. By comparison, the much larger nuclear plant being built at Hinkley Point in Somerset is expect to cost some 22 billion pounds but will produce more than 3 gigawatts of electricity -- over six times as much. they will cost around 2 billion pounds each. The consortium says the first of these modular plants could be up and running in 10 years, after that it will be able to build and install two a year. By comparison, the much larger nuclear plant being built at Hinkley Point in Somerset is expect to cost some 22 billion pounds but will produce more than 3 gigawatts of electricity -- over six times as much.

    So 6x the energy costs 11x as much and at 2B pounds/plant what is the ongoing costs. It seems that the cost is going to be a LOT more than existing solar/wind. It would be interesting to see how many batteries you could buy with 2B dollars + (solar+wind upgrades).

    Also the wording implies that the first few 440M will be > 2B pounds.

    • Re: (Score:2, Flamebait)

      by dunkelfalke ( 91624 )

      Rolls Royce desparately needs money. Their aircraft engine branch is losing billions due to the coronavirus and quite an amount of their 787 engines grounded with compressor and turbine blade cracks, with no fix in sight.

      • by MrL0G1C ( 867445 )

        If a company is losing billions doing nothing whilst the govt. is paying the large majority of peoples wage bills for furloughing then they must be doing something wrong.

        • They still have to pay their people wages even if they do nothing. They also have to find a fix for their blade cracking problem and they have the ultrafan in development.

    • You can guarantee £2B will not be the final cost, they all overrun their budgets and timescales - Hinkley C is £3B over already
    • Re:Math (Score:4, Informative)

      by thegarbz ( 1787294 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @05:36AM (#60714860)

      It seems that the cost is going to be a LOT more than existing solar/wind. It would be interesting to see how many batteries you could buy with 2B dollars + (solar+wind upgrades).

      Solar and wind + buffer does not make baseload. The idea that you can replace baseload entirely with wind, solar and batteries is laughable.

      The largest battery in the world is in Australia. It is capable of powering all Australian households for 10 seconds. Just 10. Oh and that's only if you ignore industry consumers.

      People who think we can replace baseload energy with battery farms are completely ignorant to the engineering challenges and material challenges that poses, regardless of how "cheap" you think solar and wind can be. I use the quotes because when you think about powering a nation overnight "cheap" is not the word you're going to be using to describe batteries.

      There are baseload solar type systems such as Crescent Dunes which melt sodium and use heat recovery to work over night, but even plants like that only really work in places like Nevada and even then produce about 100MW which is a pittance compared to our needs, and that again represents some of the best tech that we have today.

      I hope accountants stay out of this. The lights staying on will rely on base load power not being penny-pinched out of existence.

      • by Mouldy ( 1322581 )

        The largest battery in the world is in Australia. It is capable of powering all Australian households for 10 seconds. Just 10. Oh and that's only if you ignore industry consumers

        Depends how you define battery. There is more than one way to save up solar energy to use at night or wind energy when the wind isn't blowing.

        The lithium-ion batteries used in Hornsdale Australia has a 150 MW capacity.
        The Bath County pumped storage 'battery' has a 3003 MW capacity.


        Your point still stands though. Even with all the batteries in the world, we currently don't have enough storage (or excess generation to charge those batteries) to reliably get us through the night or peaks on intermitt

      • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

        Correct, batteries for wind/solar are used mostly for smoothing the output to make it less variable in the short term (say 15 minute periods) and to rake in that sweet peaking contract cash.

        For wind base load you just need lots and lots of windmills. Ideally offshore, nice and tall. Wind never stops blowing there, you can feather the blades when there is excess although ideally we should be using that energy to manufacture hydrogen etc.

      • Solar and wind + buffer does not make baseload. The idea that you can replace baseload entirely with wind, solar and batteries is laughable.

        The idea that you can't replace base load with wind is laughable. The batteries are only needed to fill peaks and troughs, they don't have to supply neighborhoods for long periods. Base load power is undesirable, it's the kind that can't follow load. This fetishization of base load is insensible.

      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        The idea that you can replace baseload entirely with wind, solar and batteries is laughable.
        Germany has done that already.

        Welcome to the ./ - crowd that does not know what "base load" actually means.

    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      Hinkley C is already over-budget, just like every other nuclear project in the UK ever. I'm sure they won't get down to £2bn per reactor because in the 75 year history of nuclear power in the UK it has never come in on budget or on estimate.

      This is just welfare for Rolls Royce to make up for their losses on aviation. By the time the first one is running in 10 years it will be pointless anyway, even less competitive than it is today and quietly scrapped. Boris Johnson will be long gone, just anot

      • just like every other nuclear project in the UK ever.

        No. The Magnox reactors were delivered pretty much on time and within budget. Rolls-Royce has identified the main causes of later NPP projects being over budget: delays during the build caused by regulators changing their mind, because every build was unique. RR proposes a system that can be certified once and copies built everywhere.

        All that's needed now is a government that won't hold a 3-year public enquiry for each new station.

        • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

          Almost all the Magnox reactors built in the UK went over budget during construction. Decommissioning costs are astronomical, with Sellafield being the worst example at around £32 billion estimated.

          Eventually the government got fed up of running them and sold them off, but nobody wanted to buy. They ended up having to basically pay people to take them off their hands, covering decommissioning costs at taxpayer expense and throwing in various subsidies.

    • When a few Iceland volcanoes start erupting, British citizens will be happy that their government looked out for them.

      It's funny. Nations SHOULD have been prepared for covid because pandemics occur and it is a national security issue. Likewise, volcanoes DO erupt, and Iceland is loaded with them.
    • by Qwertie ( 797303 )

      It would be interesting to see how many batteries you could buy with 2B dollars + (solar+wind upgrades).

      That's 2 billion pounds, not dollars. Exchange rate: 1 GBP = 1.31 USD.

      According to NREL cost projections [nrel.gov], the (total including installation?) cost of battery storage will drop to somewhere in the neighborhood of $125 to $300 per kWh by 2030. Assuming a mid-estimate of $210/kWh, 2 billion pounds = $2.62 billion which would buy 12476 MWh or 519 MW-days. So, provided that there is no need to store electr

      • by Qwertie ( 797303 )

        Oops, I forgot to mention that the 2 billion pound battery facility (519 MW-days), unlike the nuclear plant (440 MW), does not create any energy on its own, so in order to properly compare the cost of batteries vs the cost of nuclear, you must add the cost of the solar/wind plant that supplies power to the batteries. Once this is done (and I'm not sure what math to use here, given that not all the power from any given wind/solar plant will go into the batteries) it seems likely that wind/solar+batteries wi

  • Will a 20KW unit fit in the pantry?

  • by DontBeAMoran ( 4843879 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @01:01AM (#60714514)

    McDonald's is joining the project with the help of their McPlant.

  • by thesjaakspoiler ( 4782965 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @01:01AM (#60714518)

    Back to the 50's to make the same mistakes all over again.

    • What mistakes? (Score:5, Insightful)

      by Viol8 ( 599362 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @06:14AM (#60714902) Homepage

      You mean burning coal and shoving the fumes up a stack unfiltered that killed forests with acid rain and also emmitted roadactive particles in the coal for decades more than was needed because the hippies didn't like nuclear? Is that the mistake you mean?

      France derives 75% - seventy five - of its electricity from nuclear and has done for decades because they ignored the long hairs in camper vans. Tell me last time there was any kind of serious incident there.

      • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

        Yes and France is fed up of nuclear. They decided to go all-in on it back when it was being promised that it would be too cheap to meter and was completely safe. Decades later it's turned out to be corporate welfare for the energy companies, leeching taxpayer money that they promised they wouldn't need by now.

        France seems to keep making these bad decisions. They heavily promoted diesel cars on environmental grounds, before realizing they are actually terrible for emissions.

        • They heavily promoted diesel cars on environmental grounds, before realizing they are actually terrible for emissions.

          With DEF injection, diesel cars are better than gassers, as DEF essentially eliminates NOx, and gassers produce just as much soot as diesels do — but it's finer and thus more hazardous. It isn't the same kind of greasy, chunky soot that diesels put out, so it doesn't tend to show up on buildings in the city center, but that also means it's easier for cilia to remove the soot from your lungs. The PM2.5 soot produced by gassers is smaller than cilia, and thus very difficult for them to remove.

          To be fair

        • Decades later it's turned out to be corporate welfare for the energy companies
          That is not really true, as the nukes are owned ... by the state! :P At least about 70%. Oops.

          They heavily promoted diesel cars on environmental grounds, before realizing they are actually terrible for emissions.
          Double true, as France has no strict car maintenance checks like Germany has. If your car is producing black smoke, no one cares.

          • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

            EDF owns all nuclear power stations in France. It was state owned until 2004, then it became an independent corporation in which the French government owns an 85% non-controlling stake.

            In 2016 it was raided by investigators looking into anti-competitive practices, so it's very much a classic for-profit company these days.

            Currently EDF plans to close 17 of France's nuclear plants this decade due to the government's policy to stop the corporate welfare it relies on. Instead it will invest in renewables and ho

        • France has cheaper cost for electricity than does Germany. In addition, Germany depends heavily on imported electricity from other nations that have .... Wait for it ... Baseload nuclear or coal plants. Of course, now they will also add lots of nat gas from Russia and depend on them the same way that Ukraine does.
          • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

            The reason electricity is France is cheap is because it's subsidised. When I say corporate welfare that's what I'm talking about - the government keeps electricity prices low using taxpayer money.

            Germany has been a net exporter of electricity for 20 years: https://www.cleanenergywire.or... [cleanenergywire.org]

            (scroll down about half way)

            It's true that at some times it does import energy. But when it exports it causes problems for the French because it's cheaper than nuclear. That's why the French are so fed up with nuclear, the

  • kind of makes sense (Score:5, Interesting)

    by k6mfw ( 1182893 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @01:29AM (#60714556)
    I'm no nuclear or power plant engineer, and didn't RTFA. Reminds me in early 1990s where Edward Teller was speaker for Engineers Week banquet (nobody made a sound, no whispering, no stirring the coffee) and he mentioned build small nuclear power plants so they are not so complex like big ones. He also said power plants can be made obviously safe, don't waste time making them absolutely safe [will never achieve]. Another comment I heard from someone that was a reactor operator on a sub said there are 30 sets of different procedures to deal with reactor problems to shut it down safely. He added commercial power plants using TMI as an example are so big and complex there are way more different scenerios that can occur when compared to a small reactor on a submarine. However, personally I'd be concern with lots (hundreds?) of small nuclear power plants scattered throughout my area.
    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      There are just too many problems with nuclear for it to compete with renewables.

      - It's not zero emission, and the fuel needs to be mined and then stored and disposed of which all emits CO2 as well.

      - It's too expensive and uncompetitive, even with heavy government subsidy, and the competition is rapidly getting even cheaper.

      - Many countries simply can't use it, they either don't have the infrastructure and institutions to handle nuclear power or they aren't allowed to have it due to proliferation issues.

      - In

    • 1) the new 4th gen SMRs are walk away safe. IOW, it does not take complex procedures to shut them down. In fact, the liquid salts are based on the idea of having multiple drains that are frozen closed unless electricity is stopped, in which case they stop freezing and salt drains out, stopping reaction.
      2) naval reactors are very different than civilian reactors. they are designed to provide lots more energy in as small of a volume/mass as possible. These reactors have to deal with going on their side or p
  • by aaarrrgggh ( 9205 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @01:52AM (#60714586)
    The capital construction cost is about $0.05/kWh, if the future projects stay on budget. That doesn’t cover any operating costs, de-commissioning, or profit on energy sold. In contrast, the LCOE for wind is around $0.07/kWh or less, and energy storage solutions are generally around $0.15/kWh more. Getting 90%+ capacity factor out of nuclear today is nearly impossible, which would only make the problem worse.

    The most logical solution for the UK is to increase intertie capacity with Europe and invest in more energy storage locally. But oh well...
    • The most logical solution for the UK is to increase intertie capacity with Europe

      Funny you should mention that. The other day they announced the completion of a link between a Dutch and an English offshore wind farm. One of the Dutch energy experts pointed out the significance of this link, not just enabling us to sell wind power to the UK and them selling to us depending on demand, but also because “it gives us access to an energy market with a sizeable nuclear component”.

      With coal and gas plants shutting down and more wind and solar being added, and few geological featur

      • by aaarrrgggh ( 9205 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @02:43AM (#60714664)
        I wholeheartedly agree with your closing sentiment, but the reality is that if that need is 10 or 20 days per year then how does nuclear power fit in the mix? You are almost better running diesel generators, with a LCOE of about $0.15/kWh for that type of pattern, less if they are part of a backup power system that is already needed.

        We aren’t talking about solar energy (for Europe) that is seasonal and diurnal having a huge impact, the concern is a high-pressure system over northern Europe for a week. Europe (like the US) would benefit significantly with HVDC links to stablize the grid east-west and north-south, which should cover about 99% of the needs, and for the other 90 hours a year you use a dirty fuel that can be stored easily.
      • With coal and gas plants shutting down and more wind and solar being added, and few geological features suitable for energy storage of any size, weâ(TM)ll need to get our power from somewhere when thereâ(TM)s no wind or sun.

        When is that?

      • In fact, that is why California suffers blackouts. they were counting on other states with coal, nat gas, geothermal, and nuclear to back them up. But they were maxed out at the same time that CA wanted it.
    • How are people 100% sure of the solution to complex problems?

      Are renewables + storage a viable part of the solution? Possibly. I think any country that doesn't put some money towards that is missing the boat.

      Is small scale nuclear a viable part of the solution? Possibly. I think any country that doesn't put some money towards that is missing the boat.

      And 2 Billion dollars is a nice chunk of change, it's not exactly breaking the bank here. That's dirt cheap as far as government spending is concerned. It's w

      • [Small] Nuclear makes great sense when you are in an isolated location with a long winter and high energy need. It also offers tremendous potential where it can be located within cities (magically) to buffer transmission capacity and local consumption. But, you have to get the LCOE under roughly $0.15-20. None of the new small reactors is close to that, even when you write off research, development, and prototype unit cost. If Rolls can show a plan for 400MW for $1 billion capital cost it might start to mak
    • Germany used to produce about 22% of its power with nukes.
      Now it is around 10%.

      Our baseload is in summer is around 40% and in winter close to 60%.

      You can only have a CF of ~90% for a nuke if all your nuke capacity together is significantly below baseload.

  • Using values referenced in the article for mini-nuclear power plants (values not verified)
    2E9 GBP * 1.32 USD/GBP / ( 440 MWe * 1000 KWe / MWe ) = 6000 USD/KWe
    Using values referenced in the comments for the Sheffield nuclear power plants (values not verified)
    22E9 GBP * 1.32 USD/GBP / ( 3000 MWe * 1000 KWe / MWe ) = 9680 USD/KWe
    These both seem in line with the capital cost for commercial power plants.
    As posters have noted, nucle

    • There are thermodynamic advantages to large power plants.
      No, there are not.
      The only metric that matters is the difference in temperature between the hot and the cold side.

      Please read a book about it, or stop using that awful word: "thermodynamics", as you obviously do not know what it means.

  • Sheffield (Score:5, Funny)

    by The Grassy Knoll ( 112931 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @04:01AM (#60714738)

    "Each plant would produce 440 megawatts of electricity -- roughly enough to power Sheffield"

    We've only got one Sheffield, why do we need 16 power plants?

    • by nagora ( 177841 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @05:16AM (#60714830)

      "Each plant would produce 440 megawatts of electricity -- roughly enough to power Sheffield"

      We've only got one Sheffield, why do we need 16 power plants?

      There's a secret government breeding program running in Sheffield, obviously. The future belongs to the West Riding!

    • by bazorg ( 911295 )

      I'm pretty sure we have a Sheffield United and a Sheffield Wednesday.

    • Because you have to think bigger! You actually really want to power all of Sheffieldshire, right?

  • From the BBC article:- "The aim is to re-engineer nuclear power as a very high-tech Lego set.

    The components would be broken down into a series of hundreds of these modules which would be made in a central factory and shipped by road to the site for assembly.

    The objective is to tackle the biggest problem nuclear power faces: the exorbitant cost.

    The reason it is so expensive is that the projects are huge and complex and have to meet very high safety standards.

    And, because so few new nuclear power
    • by PPH ( 736903 )

      The reason it is so expensive is that the projects are huge and complex and have to meet very high safety standards.

      And the traditional method of building nuclear plants is to assemble them on site and go through a design review and safety certification for each one. Modular plants get all of that done once for the factory site and then start manufacturing multiple units, all to the same certified design.

      For example, what about ...

      OK. Do it. But there are some very smart people who think that nuclear power can still be economically competitive.

  • by hackertourist ( 2202674 ) on Thursday November 12, 2020 @07:35AM (#60715030)

    440 MW is on the low end of current nuclear power plants (most are 600 MW and up), so I was wondering why they chose that size.

    It turns out: at this power level, it's possible to build a reactor vessel that's small enough to be built in a factory [rolls-royce.com], then transported to the site as a complete unit. The vessel measures 16 x4 m, which is about the limit for road transport without too much disruption.

    The standardized design removes much of the reason nuclear power is so expensive: in 'recent' reactor builds, there were massive delays because regulators kept changing the safety requirements during the build, requiring additional equipment to be added, which required modifying the buildings to make room, which required a redesign, leaving large numbers of construction personnel to twiddle their thumbs until the new design was approved etc,

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