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United States Technology

Unmanned Aircraft Pose US Airspace Problems 78

coondoggie writes to tell us that congressional watchdogs have called on Congress to create a body within the FAA to oversee unmanned aircraft development and integration. The group cited the rapidly growing unmanned aircraft community and is worried about the possible repercussions. "The GAO also called on the FAA to work with the Department of Defense, which has extensive unmanned aircraft experience, to issue its program plan. In addition, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) assesses the security implications of routine unmanned aircraft access to commercial airspace, the GAO said. Even if all issues are addressed, and there are a number of critical problems, unmanned aircraft may not receive routine access to the national airspace system until 2020, the GAO concluded."
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Unmanned Aircraft Pose US Airspace Problems

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  • What are the major security implications of an unmanned aircraft?
    • It might crash (not saying it's more likely to do so than a manned one)
      • Well, assuming they're flying at the same thousands-of-feet altitudes as the other planes, and put in their own paths with nothing intersecting, just like the other planes, and given their own slot for landing in, just like the other planes, what's the big deal?
        • by wasted ( 94866 ) on Saturday May 17, 2008 @09:53AM (#23445672)

          Well, assuming they're flying at the same thousands-of-feet altitudes as the other planes, and put in their own paths with nothing intersecting, just like the other planes, and given their own slot for landing in, just like the other planes, what's the big deal?

          Loss of communications. If you lose comms in a manned aircraft, the pilot follows his flight plan as filed until he regains comms or is able to take appropriate action to land safely. If you lose comms with an unmanned aircraft, depending upon its programming, it may or may not follow a flight plan, avoid other aircraft, and/or land safely.
          • Are these drones, that can spy on Government sites? Or even carry dangerous bombs? With the internet, and data tunneling, one could actually steer a drone while being in the far east.
      • by DustyShadow ( 691635 ) on Saturday May 17, 2008 @10:17AM (#23445794) Homepage

        It might crash (not saying it's more likely to do so than a manned one)
        A lot of Predators have crashed in both the US and Iraq and Afghanistan. This is probably the main reason these "watchdogs" spoke up. I've heard a big problem with the Predator is that the pilot station likes to randomly reboot during flight. You really feel comfortable with that flying over your house?

        More than half of the 90 Predators fielded have been lost, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. T. Michael Moseley said this month. Another Predator crashed Friday in Afghanistan.
        http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2007/01/AFpredcrash070126/
        • Re: (Score:3, Funny)

          by Sobieski ( 1032500 )
          You are asking me if I am comfortable with having a 15 meter wide killing machine in my vicinity?

          No, no I am not.

          Unless it provides me with a scan of the immediate surroundings showing all enemies on my minimap.
    • by Anonymous Coward
      Is that women are flying them! Ahhh duck!!!

      • Re: (Score:2, Funny)

        As a 48 yo grandmother, techie and feminist I find that offensive. I've been a programmer since 1974, mostly writing C code, and I am sick of hearing this garbage. I think you'll find that you are a dinosaur, as most readers are more enlightened than you.
        • I'd say "Feminist-Mom" is more of a troll here than Anonymous Coward.
        • Re: (Score:2, Funny)

          by chrome ( 3506 )

          As a 48 yo grandmother, techie and feminist I find that offensive. I've been a programmer since 1974, mostly writing C code, and I am sick of hearing this garbage. I think you'll find that you are a dinosaur, as most readers are more enlightened than you.
          I call shenanigans. Your /. id isn't low enough!
          • by mysidia ( 191772 )
            Heh.

            I call shenanigans. Your /. id isn't low enough!

            Typical male argument. I don't think your UID is low enough to make that supposition!

            For this definition of unmanned craft, the unmanned aircraft may actually be safer!

            Just take a look at the risk premiums that auto insurance companies find for young male drivers VS female drivers, you will note in the former case, the risk premiums are substantially higher for males, at least in the US.

            The risk premiums are based on, well, you guessed it

        • by Goliath ( 101288 )
          Sadly, no. No they mostly aren't more enlightened than that. Mostly, once the word "feminist" is mentioned, all you get are snarky Limbaughesque riffs on the word "feminist", instant defensive reactions, and rants about how it's actually men that are oppressed.
        • Re: (Score:3, Funny)

          by slarrg ( 931336 )

          Look, its a joke.

          The poster was making fun of the possible wordplay that "unmanned" did not necessarily mean robotic, it could have been women flying them. Now comedic timing is a difficult thing. Surely my statement above was not a funny description. The article stated that there was a serious problem with unmanned aircraft so there was already a sense that these unmanned craft were a bad thing because they were unmanned. There's an existing stereotype (certainly from a time when few women drove and rare

      • Hey! My wife is an excellent driver.
        Not all women are bad drivers and not all men are excellent drivers.
        My wife has an excellent sense of direction, and is uncanny accurate in getting to a new place right the first time.
         
        • Not all women are bad drivers and not all men are excellent drivers.

          I've read before that some insurance companies charge women lower premiums. A quick search reveals [motorpoint.com.au]

          "Car insurance companies prefer lady drivers to their gentlemen counterparts because they are considered as much less risky drivers. It is not that the accident rates of ladies are low. They face as many accidents as males do. However, the damage caused by them is not as much in most of the cases. So, their claims after the accident are als

    • by Anonymous Coward on Saturday May 17, 2008 @06:51AM (#23444770)
      Let's see ... if you can buy a UAV or overrun the control station, then you can target anyone within the fuel range. You can easily crash into an airliner in takeoff, killing hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people. You cane easily spread chemical weapons, not so easy, but quite plausibly.

      And that's the bullshit security implications. More importantly, though, you'll have unseeing devices sharing airspace with pink squishy things that won't see them (like me). UAV's, by nature, are generally smaller then manned aircraft. That makes them very difficult to see.

      Consider the glider pilot. Let's say that he has a transponder. He's not required to, but he does. His transponder fails. Now, he's invisible to the the UAV. His airplane is painted the same color as the clouds (white) because fiberglass and heat don't work well together. His fiberglass airplane is invisible to radar. if the UAV's coming out of the sun, he's never going to see it, and it won't see him. A person would have seen him, but the UAV doesn't have a person looking out all the windows.

      How does the military do it? We block off huge chunks of airspace and keep manned aircraft far away from the UAV's. Oh yeah, and the larger UAV's are driven by certified pilots. The Army has folsk who aren't pilots flying the,m, and crashes a *LOT* of them. The idea of joe cop flying a UAV is bad in every imaginable way. People on the ground, people in the air, privacy, it's just a can of worms.
      • RADAR - Seeing things that are small since like forever man
        • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

          by MemoryAid ( 675811 )
          I don't have radar. Gliders don't have radar. ATC radar is very dependent on transponders, because they provide better information than raw ("primary") radar returns. If your radar is designed to track cooperative targets that are using transponders, it probably won't work as well without them.
        • by dbIII ( 701233 )
          Fibreglass amd carbon fibre reinforced plastic are so transparent to radar that they have been used to keep radar gear out of the weather for years. Gliders, birds, lots of things without metal in them don't show up.
          • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

            by peragrin ( 659227 )
            I hate to tell you but birds by themselves or in flocks do show up on radar.

            While they were testing the prototypes for what would become the F-117 lockhead engineers had the model on a stand and were trying to locate the model on radar. Suddenly it showed up clear, when they looked up there was a bird standing on the model. The F-22 has been compared to having the radar cross section of small birds.

            Fiberglass is transparent to radar and microwaves though.
            • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

              by dargaud ( 518470 )

              I hate to tell you but birds by themselves or in flocks do show up on radar.
              Indeed. I worked on experimental VHF atmospheric research radars, used to estimate the mass and position of clouds up so several hundred kms away and flocks of migratory birds did show nicely (but we couldn't easily tell between the two).
              • by wazza ( 16772 )
                There's no doubt an obvious answer to this question that I'm overlooking, but regarding clouds vs. birds - couldn't you just have looked at the Doppler shift of the reflected signal?
                • by dargaud ( 518470 )
                  We did use doppler, but clouds also travel at high speed at those altitudes. And the resolution was very low. It was more from analysing the paths that we could tell the difference. This radar is still on but I'm not working on it anymore.
          • by CaptDeuce ( 84529 ) on Saturday May 17, 2008 @09:16AM (#23445438) Journal

            Fibreglass amd carbon fibre reinforced plastic are ... transparent to radar... Gliders, birds, lots of things without metal in them don't show up.

            Well, there's your problem right there. We gotta find a way to put metal in them pesky birds. Most people would immediately suggest putting metal in bird feed but I think we need to encourage our winged friends to adopt the fashion trend of body piercing.

            • There are lots of people who like putting metal in birds. Of course, the birds don't tend to fly after the "implantation" process, but ...
          • by mpe ( 36238 )
            Fibreglass amd carbon fibre reinforced plastic are so transparent to radar that they have been used to keep radar gear out of the weather for years.

            Including radar systems on aircraft. The covering on many aircraft is made of just such materials.

            Gliders, birds, lots of things without metal in them don't show up.

            Birds will show up in large flocks. But the typical radar system is going to be set up to ignore anything with a small RCS.
      • Re: (Score:1, Troll)

        by zappepcs ( 820751 )
        Yeah... what he said.
        For fuck's sake. We are so worried that some radical muslim will take over a plane and fly it into the whitehouse that we are destroying the constitution. Now we want to put remote control airplanes in the sky ... just daring them to use one? What could possibly go wrong?

        Oh wait, that's right, government pilots were flying the plane that hit the pentagon the first time. So, sure, nothing will go wrong.

        Or perhaps we can just get insurance companies to cough up the dosh to pay for all the
      • by mpe ( 36238 )
        Let's see ... if you can buy a UAV or overrun the control station, then you can target anyone within the fuel range. You can easily crash into an airliner in takeoff, killing hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people. You cane easily spread chemical weapons, not so easy, but quite plausibly.

        You can also do this using a truck...

        Consider the glider pilot. Let's say that he has a transponder. He's not required to, but he does. His transponder fails. Now, he's invisible to the the UAV. His airplane is painted
    • by Anonymous Coward
      The security concern is that someone grabs control of the unmanned aircraft, for example, by hacking into the datalink that controls the aircraft.
    • I work for a small UAV manufacturer that supplies a lot of UAVs to the US military for squad-level reconaissance, and recent rulings have really become a burden on our R&D efforts.

      The biggest "security implication" perceived by the FAA is interference with air traffic. However, the FAA lumps all UAVs into one category, from the Predator on down to tiny biomimetic dragonflys. This makes it nearly impossible for us to test fly our new products, without hauling a truckload of gear up to the nearest military test range.

      And contrary to the belief of many, very few UAVs are armed. Only two US UAVs in operation carry payloads. The rest carry cameras.

      • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

        by ScrewMaster ( 602015 )
        Yes, but when have you ever known a Federal bureaucracy (or Congress itself, for that matter) to make such fine distinctions. It's a much safer approach (politically speaking) to simply ban/over-regulate everything in a given category and worry about the economic fallout later. It's the same hysteria-driven non-thinking that puts Estes model rockets in the same class as military weapons.
      • by hax4bux ( 209237 )
        What a terrible burden. You have to test fly in a designated area. Like any other experimental aircraft.
      • by mpe ( 36238 )
        The biggest "security implication" perceived by the FAA is interference with air traffic. However, the FAA lumps all UAVs into one category, from the Predator on down to tiny biomimetic dragonflys.

        Whilst birds are considered a danger to aviation, a not especially large bird can cause serious damage to an aircraft or engine. I'm unware of an insect causing problems to an aircaft in flight. Indeed the only insect related accident appears to have been due to one building a nest in a pitot.

        And contrary to t
  • oh the irony... (Score:5, Interesting)

    by owlnation ( 858981 ) on Saturday May 17, 2008 @07:24AM (#23444884)
    So let's get this straight...

    We have a massive increase in the number of UAV flights. You know, because of the "terrorists". This is (allegedly) primarily to stop "terrorists" getting on board planes and turning them into giant fireballs that will fall on the population.

    Now, these same UAV's are in danger of hitting planes and turning them into giant fireballs that will fall on the population.

    I ask you, even if you believe in "terrorists", which is more dangerous: "terrorists", or your Government?
    • Re: (Score:1, Insightful)

      by Anonymous Coward
      So it is not a valid concern, and we should ignore it? Human beings do a bad job of judging low probability events, confusing low probability with zero probability.
    • Re: (Score:2, Funny)

      by Anonymous Coward
      Every time you say you don't believe in terrorists, one drops over dead. I hope you're happy.
    • Re: (Score:1, Informative)

      by Anonymous Coward
      1+1=4 to you than I guess

      Open the other eye and see that they will obviously not be used for terrorisim surveilance a great majority of the time. UAV's have been getting cheaper and they are cheaper to fly than have a pilot up in jet/plane. Police agencies want these things because obviously if you had taken math class you would look at the numbers compared to flying a helicopter.

      Were you dropped on your head as a kid or do you actually believe they would fly these things in commercial airlines routes. Thes
  • by FurtiveGlancer ( 1274746 ) <AdHocTechGuy&aol,com> on Saturday May 17, 2008 @08:16AM (#23445092) Journal

    There seems to be a tacit assumption in posts thus far that unmanned craft will be flying willy-nilly through the commercial lanes. That's just not the case. UAVs have pilots controlling them through encrypted datalinks. The few that have or are proposed to have "autonomous operation" will do so at altitudes that are far above normal flight levels or in restricted zones. Even during autonomous operations, monitoring is continuous and a crew is standing by to take over flight operations. As far as Air Traffic Control is concerned, UAV in-flight emergencies will be handled just like piloted craft in-flight emergencies. Airspace will be cleared around the disabled or uncontrolled craft.

    I'm much more concerned over the modernization of our air traffic control systems, than the impact of UAVs.

    • Exactly update the Air traffic control system. Half of the propositions for Domestic UAV use are to replace police helicopters which are flying below 1,000 feet anyways. The rest are border patrols flying near restricted airspace anyways, or near Military bases which have their own airspace.

      personally UAV's to replace police helicopters would be a good thing, it would lower police costs while providing the exact same service
      • Photography by low-lying aircraft is a boon for real-estate agents, developers, and land-use planners. It's also a boon to private investigators and others with a darker agenda.

        Small UAVs can also make good couriers if you want to beat street traffic, although electronic transmission and things like 3D-fax machines lessen the need for this.
        • low flying aircraft are seldom lower than 1000 simply because it is saer to stay higher, and you can still get good image resolution. Also in many areas with low flying photography it isn't a 24 hour a day job. they are usually one off images. not something that is always happening.
    • There seems to be a tacit assumption in posts thus far that unmanned craft will be flying willy-nilly through the commercial lanes. That's just not the case.

      Given that practically all airspace in the US, except for very small amounts of restricted and prohibited airspace, is a "commerical lane" by default, your argument is void. UAV's *are* flying "willy-nilly" thru Class G, Class E, and even Class D airspace and it is becoming an topic of serious safety concern for not only general aviation and commercial
    • If you know much about the state of UAVs these days, research and development is going mainly into autonomous vehicles. Human controllers are definitely in the loop, defining waypoints, orbits, and so forth, but they aren't being flown directly by pilots, unlike the current crop of *military* UAVs that are in operation right now. The goal of UAVs is to have the plane take off, fly a particular mission, do something, and then fly back and land. All without a pilot controlling it. This isn't some future t
      • by jfim ( 1167051 )

        Exactly. These kinds of vehicles usually have a preset mission and have enough smarts to carry it out without needing human intervention, they're not remote-controlled vehicles at all!

        The difference is akin to the difference between the instructions you'd give to a blind car driver and what some mapping software would do.

        The blind car driver would require constant attention to make sure the car is not steering towards pedestrians or other obstacles. This is essentially remote control operation.

        On the

        • by caseih ( 160668 )
          Definitely GPS-guided autonomous machines are coming soon.

          The agricultural GPS system your link refers to is at present pretty primitive, and is just about guidance, really (although it can and does steer the tractor). It's incredibly useful though. I'm from a farm and all of our tractors and combines have these guidance systems now. They are limited to driving a particular path, then letting the operator turn around and drive towards the next path and then have GPS guidance lock on and steer the next pa
          • by mpe ( 36238 )
            But the human is very much still in the cab. Believe it or not John Deere's system has an EULA that you have to agree to when you active the system. You have to click "I agree" on the computer screen that you won't sue John Deere when your tractor runs over a house because you were too stupid to steer around it or turn at the end of a row.

            That's probably something which general satnav could do with. Especially when truckers use systems with maps which are only suitable for cars omitting such details as ro
      • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

        by bughunter ( 10093 )

        If you know much about the state of UAVs these days, research and development is going mainly into autonomous vehicles.

        Actually I do, quite a bit. I design them.

        And no, it's not. The autonomy part is fairly easy and the control algorithms already exist.

        Autonomy =/= unpiloted. There's still a pilot, the operator still has a stick and a HUD, he just doen't need to continually correct heading, airspeed, pitch, and throttle for changes in wind conditions, updrafts, etc.

        Very, very few UAVs will be "un

      • by mpe ( 36238 )
        If you know much about the state of UAVs these days, research and development is going mainly into autonomous vehicles. Human controllers are definitely in the loop, defining waypoints, orbits, and so forth, but they aren't being flown directly by pilots, unlike the current crop of *military* UAVs that are in operation right now. The goal of UAVs is to have the plane take off, fly a particular mission, do something, and then fly back and land. All without a pilot controlling it. This isn't some future thing
    • There seems to be a tacit assumption in posts thus far that unmanned craft will be flying willy-nilly through the commercial lanes. That's just not the case. UAVs have pilots controlling them through encrypted datalinks. The few that have or are proposed to have "autonomous operation" will do so at altitudes that are far above normal flight levels or in restricted zones.

      Uh this statement is not even remotely true. First off UAV's have been flying mixed in with regular traffic for some years now. They

      • by mpe ( 36238 )
        Most if not all UAV's cannot detect traffic around them, in other words, if the pilot in the control center is not flying then they can't see you.

        Unless the UAV carries an appropriate transponder then ATC and other air traffic can't "see" the UAV too easily.

        Even with the pilot on the stick the view is very limited and are unable to look around to see what is going on.

        Visibility isn't always too good in piloted aircraft either :)
  • Here's a reasonable proposal:
    * Areas below a certain altitude will remain unregulated by the FAA except near airports and within a very short distance of official heliports and helipads, and then only at altitudes that affect aircraft. Localities can regulate them if needed to address local issues, such as flying near power lines or near government buildings, requiring failsafes (see below), requiring operator training, prohibiting certain activities such as commercial or private-investigation photography
    • Aircraft with engines are the brightest objects in the sky in infrared and are detected quite well with the infrared sensors carried by some larger UAVs. In fact detections is better than that by a pilot in an aircraft as the sky is dark in infrared. Perhaps gliders should have an infrared light or strobe on the vertical stabilizer and belly and larger UAVs be required to have IR sensors.
    • Better idea. Why not simply get rid of the FAA and simply trust people to have personal responsibility? Planes had been around for twenty three years before the Feds started meddling and aviation worked just fine.
    • by mpe ( 36238 )
      Localities can regulate them if needed to address local issues, such as flying near power lines

      Checking power lines is an obvious application for a UAV.
  • See & Avoid (Score:4, Informative)

    by GigG ( 887839 ) on Saturday May 17, 2008 @10:04AM (#23445726)
    See & Avoid is the process that aircraft in the US use to keep from running into one another. Only a small percentage of aircraft flying in the US at any given time are operated under positive radar control. The rest are all out there with pilots who are on the look out for other aircraft. With a UAV and a manned aircraft in the same area you have only one able to see & avoid. Cutting in half the effectivness of the process.
    • by tm2b ( 42473 )
      It's much worse than halving the effectiveness, though. UAVs are much much smaller than piloted GA craft, and thus much much more difficult to see - it's more like trying to spot a large bird like a vulture than a Cessna.

      This means that the distance at which the UAV will be spotted will on average be much closer to a point of potential collision than with GA craft, and the time to react will be much lower.

      On top of that, when you see something airplace shaped, you judge its distance in part by its ap
  • by zlite ( 199781 ) * on Saturday May 17, 2008 @06:50PM (#23448978)
    We run an open source UAV community at DIYDrones [diydrones.com]. We fly under RC rules (under 400 feet, etc) and our aircraft (fixed wing and helis) are typically under 3-4 pounds. We even have some UAVs with Lego Mindstorms autopilots!

    Given that these are basically toys created by amateurs, it's going to be really hard to regulate them. That's why we want the FAA to create a de minimus regulatory category (under 3 pounds, under 1,000 feet, away from built-up areas, airports, etc), similar to what the FCC did with open access wireless spectrum. Otherwise, we're going to completely kill innovation in the independent commercial sector by creating an impossible regulatory burden.
  • For all the questions about reliability, the main problem is going to be easier access to airspace, more aircraft at lower altitudes & increased noise.

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