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Earth Science

Today's Giant Farm Vehicles Threaten 20% of the World's Cropland (interestingengineering.com) 140

An anonymous reader quotes a report from Interesting Engineering: In 1958, a combine carrying a full load of freshly harvested crops might weigh 8,800 pounds (4000 kg). Today, a fully loaded combine can clock in at 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg). The story of increasingly large farm vehicles isn't necessarily bad. The invention of these huge machines -- along with advances like new fertilizers and genetically modified crops -- mean that today's farmers can grow far more food than ever before. But there's reason to worry that equipment manufacturers have begun pushing the envelope too far. In a paper published Monday in the peer-reviewed journal PNAS, researchers show that farm equipment has grown so large that its heft can damage the soil that lies more than 20 inches (0.5 m) below the surface.

It's been obvious for a long time that the weight of farm vehicles driving over fields causes the upper layers of soil to compact. Engineers have mitigated this by putting progressively bigger tires on heavier farm vehicles. They've also used more flexible materials that make it possible to inflate the tires to lower pressure. Those changes increase the amount of surface area contact between the vehicle and the ground. These measures have enabled engineers to build larger and larger vehicles without increasing the amount of contact stress on the upper layers of soil.

It's not just the upper layers of soil that farmers need to worry about. In their analysis, the researchers found that "subsoil stresses under farm vehicles have affected progressively deeper soil layers over the past six decades." In the 1940s, '50s, and '60s, farm vehicles weren't heavy enough to compress soil below the level that's tilled each year. But that's no longer the case. Pressure from tractors, combines, and other pieces of equipment "has now penetrated deeper into the subsoil, thus potentially affecting untilled crop root zones," the authors write. Those layers of subsoil may be hidden from view, but they play an important role in what happens at the surface. The researchers say the consequences can combine to result in "a persistent decline in crop yields."
This isn't a niche problem either. According to the researchers, "The fraction of arable land that is presently at high risk of subsoil compaction is about 20% of global cropland area, concentrated in mechanized regions in Europe, North America, South America, and Australia."

They say the issue could be addressed if "future agricultural vehicles [are] designed with intrinsic soil mechanical limits in mind to avoid chronic soil compaction."
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Today's Giant Farm Vehicles Threaten 20% of the World's Cropland

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  • by rsilvergun ( 571051 ) on Thursday May 19, 2022 @10:34PM (#62551154)
    *engineers who build farm vehicles for a living are aware of the problem and took steps to correct for it because of course they did.

    We have so many real things to fear monger over and we get this shit?
    • That's not a given. Engineers who built diesel cars chested on emissions tests instead of solving the problem. The oil industry knew about and hid global warming issues for decades. The tobacco, asbestos, radium fluorescent paint and white phosphor match industries fought for the reputation of their products while their workers suffered and died.
    • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

      Because media needs to earn a living.

    • by gtall ( 79522 )

      Something that decreases food production isn't something to be concerned with? The world is a complicated place. It is possible to handle more than one thing at a time, unlike you.

    • by mccalli ( 323026 )
      Not everything has to be fear mongering. I knew nothing about this, read it, found it interesting, gained knowledge and moved on with my life.

      It doesn't all have to be about outrage.
    • by jbengt ( 874751 )

      *engineers who build farm vehicles for a living are aware of the problem and took steps to correct for it because of course they did.

      We have so many real things to fear monger over and we get this shit?

      RTFA. The problem they were aware of and took steps to correct was compaction of the top layers of soil, not the deeper layers affected by even heavier equipment.

    • Even worse yet- while there is a rush to larger farm vehicles on one end of the spectrum, there's a rush to smaller and less invasive farm vehicles on the other end. We're beginning to enter the drones-and-robots era of weeding and spraying, which means between initial tilling and harvest, most farm vehicles will be either no contact or minimal contact with the ground.

      • Even worse yet- while there is a rush to larger farm vehicles on one end of the spectrum, there's a rush to smaller and less invasive farm vehicles on the other end. We're beginning to enter the drones-and-robots era of weeding and spraying, which means between initial tilling and harvest, most farm vehicles will be either no contact or minimal contact with the ground.

        This is my hope too, but it's hard to imagine the gigantic farms on the prairie using small drones. They'll use autonomous robots but probably giants. But I do think agricultural robotics will work extremely well for smaller farms or terrain that isn't flat. It might also make it more viable for small farmers to compete with giant farms, on a manpower basis. Tough to know though.

  • So treads not tires ... problems solved. Next threat to the world?
  • by OrangeTide ( 124937 ) on Thursday May 19, 2022 @10:59PM (#62551202) Homepage Journal

    harvest an ear of corn at a time, but with 1000 drones doing it day and night. It will seem high tech, but it will actually be very stupid.

  • We need bigly tractorz to haul off the Russian tanks!

  • by Albinoman ( 584294 ) on Thursday May 19, 2022 @11:11PM (#62551224)
    Tires aren't bigger to avoid soil compaction. This is a side effect. Tires are bigger because if you lose traction or your field is a little wet the tires will dig and get the machine stuck.
  • It will all be underwater soon anyways, so why worry?
  • There is a problem with soil compaction now when farm tractors are powered by diesel engines, what happens when people try battery powered farm tractors?

    It's too bad we had alcohol prohibition when we did because it was about that time we were first seeing bio-mass fuels being experimented upon. Farmers were distilling their own ethanol for fuel and had that experiment been allowed to continue then we'd have far more data on the viability of bio-mass fuels. I'm not saying that I believe bio-mass fuels are

    • by ghoul ( 157158 )
      Solar can be built in deserts so it doesnt compete with crops for land. Solar power can be used to convert Nitrogen and water into Ammonia. Ammonia based fuel cell EVs would be lighter than ones with huge ICE engines. Also as the work is done at the edge with electric motors their is no single heavy central body (with the ICE engine) in such a farm equipment so their weight would be much better distributed so less soil compaction.
      • Solar can be built in deserts so it doesnt compete with crops for land.

        Solar can be put in deserts but that doesn't mean it is not competing with food for land. We have turned deserts to cropland by irrigation. Even without irrigation we can turn desert into productive land. Here's a talk by someone that has demonstrated that introducing grazing animals we can turn desert into grasslands: https://www.ted.com/talks/alla... [ted.com]

        What is a nation to do if they don't have any deserts for solar power? I assume they can import it from someplace that has more sun. What happens if ther

        • Solar can be put in deserts but that doesn't mean it is not competing with food for land.

          No, you're right; agrivoltaics means that solar is not competing with food for land.

          So can any energy source. Your point?

          Presumably his point was that it's easiest to do that with PV solar, since 1) it's already DC (no conversion losses or conversion equipment costs), and 2) the marginal costs are pretty much the lowest nowadays.

          It is trivial to convert a diesel engine to run on ammonia

          This is pretty much one of the few good ideas you've ever had here, since ammonia is already being used in agriculture anyway, so you're just getting rid of a redundant tank for fuel.

          • No, you're right; agrivoltaics means that solar is not competing with food for land.

            Having solar PV and crops share the same land means a farmer having to chose to optimize for crop yield or electric yield. With the electricity being even more intermittent as the panels are moved to sun or shade the crops, and therefore the electricity produced being even more expensive than nuclear.

            I'm seeing a trend with people planning to integrate thermal energy storage into nuclear power plants which means nuclear power will better integrate with agrivoltaics, storing up excess output as heat for pro

        • by ghoul ( 157158 )
          An Ammonia FCEV does not need batteries and yet produces clean power. A ammonia burner produces NOX emissions which may not matter in the countryside but are a no-no for urban areas. So an FCEV tech is more likely to get developed than an ammonia burner. Nissan already did experiments on Ammonia FCEV 5 years back and shelved it due to BEVs taking off. But as we realize batteries are dead end tech as they will never have the energy density FCEVs will get more attention. Hydrogen FCEVs dont work as the tank i
    • Electric vehicles are comparable to Diesel engine weight, because those things really weigh tons.
    • by La Gris ( 531858 )

      Or we need to scale down humanity one way or another:

      - Decrease resources use per capita

      - Decrease population

  • Apparently Russians aren't thieves, they're environmental activists.
  • its heft can damage the soil that lies more than 20 inches (0.5 m) below the surface.

    So who cares about substrate soil that deep?
    If we learned anything from the Dust Bowl, we know it is the topsoil, less than the top 20", that is important.

    • The topsoil is where the nutrients live. The deeper part is where the water goes so the topsoil doesn't erode away during a heavy rain.

  • with more wheels to distribute the load. Or even use tracks.

    • Tracks become impractical once you start to get big. They're OK in straight lines but turning is a problem.

      Maybe something could be made that uses tracks in straight lines but has wheels that come down for turning around and driving it up to the field.

      • I don't know if nobody here is familiar with farming but a huge part of large tractors are already tracked. They have 4 tracks and articulate in the middle. Turn fine and are better for soil compaction. There are other common tractors that use 2 tracks and turn fine as they just break one set of tracks and rotate around that. Heck even combines and grain carts are often tracked.
  • The summary implies that ground pressures have NOT increased because contact patch sizes have increased proportionally to weight.

    So how do bigger, more massive vehicles with the SAME pressure per square area cause deeper compaction issues than say, a smaller vehicle?

    • The summary implies that ground pressures have NOT increased because contact patch sizes have increased proportionally to weight.

      No, it implies that they haven't increased enough.

      Wider tires mean more land wasted so I'm guessing they're not popular among people who are after maximum profit per acre.

      • In fact, they don't say that at ALL.

        "These measures have enabled engineers to build larger and larger vehicles without increasing the amount of contact stress on the upper layers of soil. "
        WITHOUT INCREASING.

        My question is how can deep-soil shear stress increase when you're NOT increasing the per-unit-area weight?

        Logically extrapolated (I know ground pressure isn't exactly the same as buoyancy but it's kind of like it) this would mean that keeping the same buoyancy, you could eventually build a supertanker

  • I'll be doing my part by increasing my area under cannabis crop by 20%. What are YOU doing?
  • Those huge sandcrawlers were originally harvesters.

  • by e3m4n ( 947977 ) on Friday May 20, 2022 @07:19AM (#62551868)

    But there's reason to worry that equipment manufacturers have begun pushing the envelope too far

    No matter how far you push the envelope, Its still stationary.

  • by eriks ( 31863 ) on Friday May 20, 2022 @08:24AM (#62551956)

    I see a lot of comments saying "so what, big deal" to this news, but there is literally (to my mind) no bigger deal in existence, since we're talking about our ability to feed everyone being threatened.

    Soil compaction is not the only issue with "Big Ag". Remember this story:

    https://science.slashdot.org/s... [slashdot.org]

    57 *Trillion* metric tons of topsoil is gone. If we keep using up the planet's lifeblood like that, we are literally committing murder-suicide.

    The solution is not just smaller combines -- but a whole new approach: Regenerative Agriculture. It's happening, and hopefully is even happening fast enough for human civilization to get past 2035, which is good, since agricultural activity is a primary driver of climate change, though if we destroy all the topsoil, not only will we make climate change worse, but we may not even live to see the worst parts of climate change, since we'll run out of food and humanity will literally starve to death, presumably ending civilization "as we know it". On the other hand, building healthy soil SEQUESTERS CARBON! We don't need industrial-scale "geoengineering" projects to remove CO2 from the air: if we rebuild topsoil to preindustrial levels, we will (more or less) have solved climate change, and secured a future for humanity to boot.

    This is one of many global advocacy organizations for saving the soil:

    https://www.consciousplanet.or... [consciousplanet.org]

  • It's pretty simple economics. When the cost of labor and energy go up for bullshit reasons, people will find ways to circumvent attempts to artificially distort the market in order to stay in business. One might be forgiven for thinking that some people simply want less progress rather than more.

  • Farmers have had a tool to take care of subsoil compaction for decades. [compactoperator.com]

    • by tragedy ( 27079 )

      Your link says that it can deal with soil compaction at double the depth of 15 to 20 cm. 40 cm may be deep enough, but it's not clear.

  • Rather than tires, use a series of small wheels and a long tread wrapped around them like a tank. Distributes force across a wider area leading to less force applied in in any given area and thus less compaction.

    FWIW these vehicles are already the weight of a tank.

  • I'm going to run around screaming Chicken Little for the rest of my days.

    Did you know 100% of people on this Earth will eventually die? AAAA!

  • They should just import some of them worms from Arrakis.
  • The larger the vehicle, the heavier the road. Hitler couldn't use Tiger tanks as he wanted in Europe, because they destroyed the roads.

    And for all you idiots posting to slashdot, 80%? 90% of US farming IS NOT FARMERS, it's agribusiness, and they don't give a shit about farms, all they want is profits this quarter.

  • by seth_hartbecke ( 27500 ) on Friday May 20, 2022 @12:02PM (#62552456) Homepage

    City people learn of the term "soil compaction," and assume that because they just learned the term, that it's a new problem! And time to freak out! And decide that they, in their great all-knowing-ness will have to provide a legislative solution.

    Soil compaction is decades old. Farmers are well aware of it. They know how to farm to minimize it. They know what to do if the problem gets too bad to reverse it. It's not new.

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